HuyAli
i \ a.„-^b
(J—J — O—ss — )
Cr* #
t£ jAj1\
^ jj " '— -> ^ JT Juit J Jua_^xj p?,„c... \ . j
1°
oju|fiJI oso^JI CJLbmIjb j^j-o ^j-? 2
O J n * 1
♦♦ (JJ
is
* — -— - — I —
La *JIp
JjL/zJ! ^LLo
V s J
<io4->llJ dxijAll cLoialoJI
j) J A J JR jlj
T a)
2U-=*-jj
^^_L^=Ld JT Jtu/lj (J_jJ JlA^ O glut ut^Ji £yQ {Q_CiJLj
j 7 1 1 j H 4 ^ _ j
> y>^~ y $ {* wLfibl^ / jyfcJJl
(5jL J i) - '.^ 231
.226 _ 223 ’ Li I -s- ^~L~>
ISBN 978-9953-0-1350-3
. oi^*Ji .1 .i}i»'i .2
J! .1
. LL~2— Jl . ^ . (jv^-^cu)
193
Ojj J^2^\j N IwLft oijl ji\
jiU *uj ^_*J! L&L^o wi^L^L^-1
Hume, David
y4/? Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
.* J 1 j * s 2 r >- a}& *Lu ja)I 4^- ^x)l
H 0 v /.II cLjjAJI (LoJaioJI
113 . 5996 ; >_j . <. 5 j *&. Jl ^jL2 t c~j® <LLj
jU . 1103 2090 oj^ _
(9611) 753032 :^i / (961 1) 753024 _ 753031 : ^u'U
e-mail: info(5 aot.org. lb - http://www.aot.org.lb
«L-> oj^- ^il ji " jA . jj
113 - 6001 .' i > . ^> c i>j.^aj| ^jLi <. <u,.4>/jI o^j* 1 LjLj
jU -2034 2407 - f-\
(9611) 750086 - 750085 . 750084 : by^
(9611) 750088 : ^li / Oj„ _ '-^y
e-mail: info(a, caus.org. lb - Web Site: http://www.caus.org.lb
2008 (
jy^y) y
) jUl
sJjLs
7
9
. ..
25
iiLUiJl !
j/Vl J-^aiJl
39
jl&SlI j^t ^ :
^Uil j_ai)l
47
^ :
ciJUil
51
JJl ^ip 4»*-uj •
£)l ^11 J—ai3l
51
JjVi (, — aJi
58
j*— ^i3l
69
69
JjSfi
76
jWl pill
87
JLi^l J :
^jLJI Ju*ai3l
91
isLuj^l ij& :
£jLJ| J-sAaJI
91
105
i_y^
5
113 Ijj jjallj J? •
113 J/V. ^1
130 JliJl ( , i3(
139 oUtj-^t!l J-ap ^Jb ! £-.bJl J ^aH
145 3j\ >JI J : j-iUll
145 JjVl ^1
152 --Jill
Jl j?-\ E-j]j aJsLJ 4jLp [_j] J jii) (J^>" 1 (jj-jlpdl J «ira all
173 yT
191 y^ll j' y»jil5^n 5 jLJUJ1 J* : yp ylill J-aaJl
191 J jS\ ^1
198 yUJl p—ill
203 cJUJl
209 oU J llau^Jl oJ
215 ^Jjxdl C - JJI
223 wfljJ!
227
6
cJu-J
(/In Enquiry Concerning ^ yys, Lii^!
Slij Ju<_; o^gJi ^_J'I 1777 oj-JJ Human Understanding)
0 jwA ^_j~? ^Lpl U_9^ .LaLvSAjjI a^_^>- jM A_P l ,. N< 3.Jj o,.>lb J
y>ds Ujipj (.1977 (.(Eric Steinberg) jJu^jl 5
(Hackett jb yt- (.1987 1 14; ^ j-bbJl
y> j^jJI y\ IgJt U^j jLaJ j . Publishing Company Indianapolis)
(l. 0 jZ^j ^ji bU-is ijny\ y* -L> bf L _J^ t ^ ®Lv 2 jj 1 l»
o^Ul y^\j (.Lf^-ljj a JE> Ua^job A. Selby-Bigge)
0 ‘UjJCi (_£jJ Lgap- j3 jib ol yis CjLj|
. A^w’wvJ A j\ij wL*j V} j jIH iSj ^ ^ jt-!
jJUllt IfrJl aA+.+/? a t A^vu2_> ( jjb ^-Lp Lj j ~ 3 1 JJLl
f_tP U>^- t>-T (jJl yy jr* ur^' £JLr^'j>
pU-SII Uajl L»b .0U5 ^CSjJ aL*j ^Jl i^y 2 ^
( _ 5 1^ U I jjj ^ya-jt ^ JjSn La C j-JjO I_j
j^5b" Ji LgJl CjUi y^ jM L^Jb^J y *>C b. y y.y>'> j
l ^ ai ^-J ^-bTJbJl <jlj 4 CjLjj Jyjll Lftj j_^_L> ye- caU_*_;
.^1
7
j\ J-& o Li— >z—i U lg j
<La^- ^iLU 4_o ^*Jl ‘WisC-oJJ 1 oj! t 4 jsU>c-<o
. ^Jj C5^" ^ ^J— o->-
jl JLijI ^^SvJj . oLo^>- ^iLJl p-Ij_a| -lJUUJI ^jjs <• \j~^>-\j
(L’ Uni vers)
^j-° Aj 0 -L&
HJ 1
j*_Lp! <ui Ij c jj UjX«
8
4-4 JUL4
Be a Philosopher; but Amidst all your Philosophy, be
Still a Man.
J-al? jS- t jisJ j .U_j-~Li ^5 jL~A'l L^-T L
.ULwl JjI t
Jjjjb
« (1 )V> -
e -\ jjj j-JLJI j-*JLlj U 4-jw^J jl (jJJl L«
( 2 )
4_a_^J_iJlj (Abstruse) “ ^ r >_ ^ j . g Jl
Vj ii (1776 - 1711) ^
.(Easy) (3) 4ja_
Michel Malherbe, La Philosophie empiriste de David Hume, a la : j 'a 1 (1)
recherche de la verite, 2e ed. corrigee, avec une nouvelle bibliogr. (Paris: J. Vrin,
1984).
: iJcpLsa-s U-* ^ -Utjl-U (1748) 1 ^aJLJI j .. 3 . 4 ^>Li5 (2)
^>J.I j (Accurate) oJL^J jJ (
iiUecJJ jS ^JU- Jl t (Deceitful) tkiUilj t (Profound) j_JJI i (Abstract)
. (Abstruse) jl
.(Humane) i2L~AI j (Obvious) Jl ti™Ull Lpl dUiS (3)
9
i (_g j^jij J Ll> ^y- LpUa.fl il y tUa-O
j-c-Nl JIjlljI 4.jg >c-j j\ t ^JLjI j-^\ j-JLl ^ 2 - j 4_>Ljj ^J|
^_p 4jLvvJ->LU [ ^JJL> 4-&j ^3 ^-->^-1 Loj^ji c Jupl^iw<>Jlj
oJ_a j> . L^sXp J^XpI <u| (Kant) vji** ?T <0^ (J j j iv^
> ^ - s< >
<LoL»^u^/l 4*^JaJ| Lgj <■ — fl...Iaj t ^*jL J 1 ^A-UJ 4-JJj>iJ <lL^j>cJ|
k_j jJJ^ ijl J_i . — LsJl oJ_& (Finite) <Lo Lg_i »w?_j j3 Jjl ^_Lp F - *
4tf»...lail is 1 j yil C 4 j ./S,i L° y (, <uLvb*cJl alja
iltfljl ^ip Oj_L«j! t ^Aj J-J l^~»J' I -Xo
J*_ft J J-P C (4) «li‘>UCL^l ^jjfcjjl ^yjuP
vl)lj t j-jjl /j&jJl 4j^wJp ^a/3-Aj )) O *V) cLU^ £-Lu .<Ux»A^Ji
3 s * _| ^p
i JjLa ^S .jPj_>cJ J Ij^o *ul 4jlSI_ls>j ol jjjj ( _3^- 2>i J-Apo (J*Ap- (3r®
«. AjL^jV! <U»— - la il is jJCfl ijl • ® AjliAlvv^Jl J 4 ...Atf.il olp j_P j^-il oJLa
t yu ^ipj lmf 'i_^‘ (J-?® i Ai^ALJI 4jt-JaJl ^Ap *L— A ^1
* p ^
C ^J— *— Li>&-J ^-1— P ^ 1 (jl 4-1— ^ <J— A— )
j%-Lp l 4*olo 4-gj>- 4 JoLw%o^!I 4_^wJs2J1 ^JLp ^Si]j t ^-*.4 ^ Ja .1 1
. (3 to ^ 5 4ola^l c ciLLjJl I^J
oLp
■ /^ ^ XI /J
l_S*iA-Aa_! 1 t (JN JJL^NL) Oj- 1 !--^.) Nlj jJa ij j_5JuJI jAtf JwtfJ
4jjL>JvJI <ui_tftf*Jl ol3 jtf*Jl t _ ja! jiall (4Jitf>-*>Lo)
*p ■'* * p u
<ul I_Lj i s — s I ^->"1 . Lp ^lU ^s>- i L^^jsLi^j Lg_«Uij ^Lc-j
.t-^LxS3l la* o jVl J-sAaII (4)
. 4 — -Jfu jU./ail (5)
ol aaIajl— 11 ^JjL— J»! 0 j-A 43 j^LI 4 j jJLi ^jJl Ji— >- ^3l o|b (6)
4 J! AjliUpj lit 5 - 1 (J^^ - 0*^~ c j-* 0>^ jij t> t^ 2 -^
jJaj\ . ^4 jJ_1_*JLvvA!^ 4 '.../? a 1 1 *J3jLc- J~J? ^li o-iji J^x JJ Ojs>-j}\ ^ya Asy j Li IwLi^s
IJlA £jA 33 J jS/l
10
jJjJ lj jJjJl Jj-L><j ^Jl i^j L jJ-v ^ jj
(4J jjca) ji-l *1^1 LiJi <uJL) to J»j _LiJj - tg g >• JJJ
^ jJ LjLlLL*cXi JjLowO ( j^» ^uUl J j^i Lj l j~Jj . 4-«....la 1 1
^.J-ii-j d-' L j — ■£_>*^J ' aU_£> L*jL La L j ; 4 LLa_L>j
® jJl><J| ,j»J Sf-Ld^Jl
(7)
f 5i
A^U>o jAjS ^1_P ^ ! lpO^-a->l ^w»L *-^l-P di-LiiJl ^ 3 I
® jJs>)) -U ^ jj <_£l t 4 jjLoJUI ^Lw^-N 1 iS" jjs- ( j^jl J j Jj>cj
^_p tjLS" L-ULJj .a^oLp ^1 !-\_w0 ^**^2 ( 0 ^LSLH) L^l *$' ^_>-
t v r &JUl ii^>Li ^.iL-oJlj jjl j_^Jt ~j^- l J- £ ' i> ^-LLJnJI
ii yj *^1 l-L*> 1 ®*oLLkP ( ^ ? iL*j'Vl
0 j-L^s-U ^Jw*_>k_^~-) (j-LaJ^J ; aJs2_>-'>'\-j ^j) la.'.. -a La— > ! j liJl ,j) L .'■ .a
'«• , 5 . *
iajj J ^-P c Li p l^Jaj^j ^ lg » a *lp .j r ’ ‘~'~‘*~ > ^
Li I j*s>*]\ I jl5La .l^-o j Vq^AslJj t ^L*JL tg *J}*j
. v " {, 2
jJl / *X ^ 1 1 A ^UL<*j l$Jj^ J t^<Lj^AjJl A^S^LiJ I
J_.J->j! fL^LJl ^LLoj ;_$! i (A New Scene of Thouhgt) (9) «J_>-l>Jl
4l*gf y> jVo L^jJU>- olS" jJ- J-® *1 .Js.c]\ Uuk '. j^SJcl J
t ^!jJLa'!>\J J^_woJ j 1 j ; l_gj ^_a_JaJ L^i^
.^Lp 1 A-^o 0->eJ _U>- JJJ
toLjjL>cX/0 oLt^w<i-iJ JwiLxoj ( ^ AydJl i jLS’ ^9 i^ijLSLj Ij^L&
jL'Laj .^jLm^j^I j^aLJ! ^LJp>s_ij c Lij^-^sLt_^o_!l j_4j ! oL_i.sl
IJj» JjS/l J^iJI ^1 (7)
,A«oij (8)
Yves Michaud, Hume et la fin de la : 4_,Ll 5 _-i t a_>j SjL_*J! Jjjl (9)
philosophie , philosophie d’aujourd'hui (Paris: Presses universitaires de France,
1983), p. 12.
II
; 1 ail U4JI jbJUl Ua jljfrUjNi
jj ffi - 4_^a ji- L)_jSL (jl «u>-Lv^ jIjI > jUS 1-L*
cLlSJj las . 3 'LL _^*^i j-4 3 t eili-U .' ^L^J! aILx^J!
o! •'-iLj i UJl>- Jl J jN j.* j *uaJl (_$ jJl (Juvenile Work) TjJI
( Enquiry Concerning Human fjj L-J! ^_&JlJ 1 «L^_*_ia_i» 0 j-SCj
(. Enquiry Concerning the t_5.il * — «j <. Understanding )
f- j ■»
j 4 -j^L-^^ U-g_b Jl-LJ jLJJI L*jt Principles of Morals)
^3 ^3 cJjl 0} . K^uL*-«JuLil
. ^uj LwVl k*JJl ^ LJ^a aJL->J1 <u v ^LoS(!
^3 i. Lo_i) t4_oL—oNl 4j*^JaJl j_5^L_« y^ju ^^pJJ La LJl))
O Jl >— >jU ^aL^al ^Lp 0»LLlLaJI ^jUl l £ji jJl
L^aLi 0 Ol 1 g '..$La-i Jl) I ^Lva'l/I j-*j iS-UfJI J^>IS
. ®AjLa| “LLlj <uLp
<Hj j_>- 1 ol 0 ^ -U— ^SJij J 4_jl \ oLsa J) ^ L^jla
1 1 0 L^a , »S\) __ j C ^ . J ..,vJ '1 1 — V -w La a '~ .J 1 a
t N .ilSL clLJdj 1 4 — jjJ ^Jl jSLaj ol y> ajl t dli JS
Aaj ^a ijUaj JJiJ ^jjl KJoLaJI® i j_a ,J_*Jj ,42_P p_£_AJ Nj
,4_^uOJ V 1 *t ^ C. ; *)J j^SLfiJ AjI t JilL.^I S aOa2^a ^jl L?. .w 1 Oj-*SJj
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Reprinted from the (10)
Original Edition in 3 Volumes and Edited with an Analytical Index by L. A.
Selby-Bigge (Oxford: [n. pb ], 1888).
,^-jUSII |Jl* t y> ‘UCUll y2j\ (11)
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Edited with an Analytical (12)
Index by L. A. Selby- Bigge, 2d Ed. with Text Rev. and Variant Readings by P.
H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press,
1978).
12
LiJoJlaj (jLJ j_i SJL-i_pl 4 — ij ^JLoN ol
[ ^ ;.. 2 .—1 <I_Jw«o 'yi ill— kiJJj c— «Jj . 4^_« j . g 1 1
4 _jLx_Sv_> 4 _j| ^j J_ls (_£ j-J\ ^ J r~ — ^ <l)i-j c i_tl_! jJj .0
(14)
( Philosophical Essays Concerning Human o^j
i—sLx^l N ilidxJl <^_oJLgJ Jl cJl ( _jJl Understanding)
5* <• 9 P _ s* p
1 1 g «/?l j-p! jjJj L> Lo-j! t o^LoJl
J*Jl~J j ^pIJu cf* ^Igtfo (Dissemination)
!* 4= P t
t)\J>-wLo L^v^ 2 j £- 1 j 2 -> ^ 4->jUL« -LajJ t ^j 2 _**jJl
p- * " ^ ** * p
^4 JjL- J5 /j_P NL/Z-ijI 4-|jJo S yi >y>Cj i I^X«J L-Lol j
^Jl J~jJl 0 (_£j->C_> !
. j — . jLdl ^J_P J L? 1 1 i. 4-11 ll eU-* (J y?~ l J-w? Li^Jl J_'^l (13)
Michaud, Hume et la fin de la philosophie, vol. 1: La Science de la nature humame:
La Matiere et la maniere, pp. 1 1-32.
^jLiaJl y& yb y~.n . 1 - I y~j ^J-P 1 g._3| jL dA I yo-Ls Sjj JlJj
: (25 ys) yiy y, yjs u~JI J yu Csy iliL* jJl y y jyi I y> j^jJJ (Egotistique)
«La Plupart des comptes rendus du traite critiques ou favorables, mentionnerent
son inintelligibilite. Defavorables, ils se raoquent de son obscurite «egotistique»,
des attitudes de'Sphynx de 1’auteur, de son charabia metaphysique. Quand ils font
preuve de sympathie, avec plus de nuances ils parlent de l’originalite, de la
singularity de l’auteur, de la profondeur de son livre pourtant «un peu abstrait..»».
jyijl Ul 0 Ip {. ~ax~yc*A.\ jl (£-» oJiiail ysp y Lei Jud)
i. iwAjjpiJJ ^)Jl Ley* ^1 y°j t ll * 1 ^ ( < . .<? yo y>r-^3 l l^j * **- g - ■ .•!
y> c . 1 ^jJL>tU5 l L^-iua ^ Lis'jcJ! y0-*-> \ 9 jjl L^lj . y°J
.(djje ^ KJu y2-*- l)i L _^e 4 j1i 5 i -diljij X_filjil 43 I ^Li
(Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding) . . .oN^I sJil (14)
y 4 . ti ... i 1 oM _jbi jl y*L\ c~s^ LiL-^Jl ^1 j ^-1 i Ljj t ^ Lp-Le- ^Lei
U L^J el ^ ^ r o jl Uxj eiilij (1748) ^L-pNI l ^y b -tJl
.(Dead-Born from the Press)
13
£Ol_pl 2 • W I-*-***-^ OjlwwP I_>- ^J-P
|>-*-vj jr> ^SsjUJ ^>-1 op-L^jI Jl jliol > t (Casting)
A^>- *^j>t_v^l ^Jl I >jJt>aX)l 0>*^> ^lUl 4_ivJ-iii ^P jj
/^a l^-U.4-) J-oJLwI> Aj>JlJl I_*J pj . IoU A£_>- ^0 6 >L*Jl >2jJ-*Jlj
y^ A^^-L.sASj (« ^\ jjd\ aHa^j Au2-««*v»J I ^ JlLj . I ^ *..* tf « -«.i)
y—&j (jl ,j ^_^.„-OsJ>c— 1 1 ^-Lp oJ) Aj ^Jg-A.*.^ ^JJI C-P
ull^-^ ^ l A_s<ajj-*Jlj a>L*J! 4>*>3J| ^-^2jj t Lij^Ll^Jl
jj-a ^ J^i. Ojlg^wJj 4 >j5 ipUJtJl S-U J t L^-JLP ^>l>pNi ljLp
Aj jS A^J>- jjL) 0[ *0 ^lp ^
{$\ t^l ^JUA>zSSh Mj j-s^Uj ^ t >L^J^[t A^JaJl j^JlP ^Jl JJ»JlJ|
L ciiJjJj , olwij^'y I J £jtf jJl £_>-| J-4 ^J_P 4-0 J-A J-oJl L^jLw^aj j-*_>
j*_ip >-> cLoL^j^II a^* JflJ 1 j^-J L p <L>oliJ <jL®
ws^a-«® ^JJLixj l*J c^ ^>lJI /^ajJI ii (( A-wi>Jl
£j>- j-o ^i-P jjo cjL> AjLwvJ-iJl s»JUaj AjN i J ^-J i^xJl ^Jl ilL^^Jl
a^»-Li>1 a_^3^«JI aJ^L>c_^J1 ^l^-j l 1^j>«->cj>- ^-^ L vwJl ^JJL*Jl
£fry>j L(5 ia-*~<Ji y^ £j\ ji JS ^ tl^^LwUj 0 Jij j ^\
aJ^LJJ y£j(*J Lo I_*jl ^ ./P tf « j ljL>«-> ^ J (jl»>*JL>a|
t AjwL^J-5jl)I ^j-> c A-^,wJa, l l lUj ,^jS- c-*-wvj>tj
^1S dUi J5‘ aJIj .J^L>hj ( -Oj^j ^Oj'jjj
^iL ol A_aL>-j Jya ^1) M aJ N Jj l A^j^JwLoJl ^yi e-A
^»L«i 0^^O-v^ ^ aJ-o2j j^..ygj L<kP <Lwl_p
A^-JaJl j^lp)) j^J . L^j Aj>-!j_> jJ I l1aLsA?I \
Michaud, Ibid., p. 23. (15)
.^l^Jl lift y *w^l Ju\ (16)
.^l^Jl lift JA J^SM 0 UUI >11 (17)
14
t jJJJUj ONI j-gi t a-LtJUaj/l jkj. ((jJLjNl
.1 L-ajjSjJ JjS-ljJ J)_oL>iJ
3aj^JI (Enquiry) Jl ^Sjj j! ^^uJl j33l jli tbJJJJ
<*>
Pi £>=rj J-* Ji jjj Lyr ‘ Sjlou
(. 4JLa j_j ^jjjl jjjj 1.3-331 jjj ^JU! -LvaJaJl o-Lvi-*-! ( j3l
Pi (, 1 j-Aj “*“3 ^ (j-3 (_r° a Jjy (jjl 41 — 'b3Jl 33 flJu^S xjj
!M 2 £, £, PS*
Jj>o (J I ^ ^ Ijl La lLU. 5 J-*J • b j3 (_>jLJl ^jJ-i. Jj-J_>a-J
^p2j C 4j3l>taJl 3*3j jt-L*Jl 3*3 j— J 1 la,. ..aj 4^3 jjj La_Up J
^pl JJb'-ll i_jLi 5 i>* ( -' jSfl J. .,ig a 1' o*33>*31j 2153*31 Jj>- jSSj
^jjj (j-^ t^ 4 "'-'""^ jp* j*j3j b c^j^j
I J j Jb tl]! Jli .33JI
^ j^aJ I , 3 aj i_s^ u J ^ 4 y 3 y- 1 b ^ (_5— jb*J I i-Lfe bJj b- ®
fj-* (*Jp pi P3 JrM tlr* 3-3 b lP ‘■^’bj-bj-a ( _ j 1p
J C 1 ^ I ll 3 A ^_> ^j*A iw^.^\--^-J
. ( (!a_lj>Jlj 4JLJb*Jl y->j i 4a~jb>JJ 33*31 y^
33a yj t 4jll5 v_J^JLa! itJjbfcoJl J Jjs- JLia ^3 ab-j
! C->')l jb*^ J5 wj 0>*)( Lio-i jj^_oJ>J| Aj_L*j y j^i
* P p „l
Li j-/? ^-1 p! jl j/ 1 ^X^wvo t«U3>-3l oj^
jl j/j .ij3bc_3l 3*3 (_$3 j»_bJl 3*3 j 3-3l jl p a.3 1
31 ajb3l a-i^J J.UJI 3l^3l jLi t b&b j^jbxJl jlj^aJ! jA I U jsJ>zj
la A Z Lg-Jt « "a ./? " jjjj L<ul ! jobJl a3»sJI 3^J ^j^bc^oJl ^j-a ^abaS/L
. «j3-*Jl j3 ya
. ~ i_Uaail (18)
o*i( _ jLp i .(On Essay Writing) SjIpS' <-j ^ i-J\ SJjLa*ll (19)
15
^P yi ** \ I-L& Aj*_x>->- ^3 ^j^-Lb^tUil y^S' ^
jJijJl J^-^ - Lr* ‘U-.-b^Vl Aj*--Ja ]| o^lij ^3 j t ^v> J-A Ajb*L-iJl
S' ^ 3 -
J^P ^_5Cj2_U (J ^->c_> ^Jl ^j. ^ L° jL*/? LS — 3 Ji i ^Sv3 3 ^j>c_<iJl
Nl 4_^j Lwj I Aji„wlflJ I Lp ^ . A^w •— ) l— <-^wo I Aj 1_<— ».vwO <-\— U I A-A-b v ^ ^
j ^a Jj t L^_wl> j^s> LL^jIuqJI ^ — > j^p \ j-iJl ^L^_)
^j_p a^jl} aJ*-L-vw« ^->tj ( Thought) j^bJl aj a>*jl> 1 1 g a~~£ > ^>-j u~^
y^J Ls^l La A^->- ( jj 0 U3 0 ^SbaJl lJLjJpI ^P ^1 aJL*JLJu|
^jUJl ^ 5 -L^ r^Lii.i'V I yj* LgJ La a^j>- t ob L^j5 a^j>-
c->bj_>-jj (Matters of Fact) ^JjUjj (Events) ol-L^>-l Lo_j
a^J ^J\JcJ ci-3Jt ^a 21 JI ^ f jrr* ^3-^i tdJLlJLJ .(Existence)
! aJL ji-Jl ‘UP Ao b
oL-& /yi A3 j-*^<Jl jj ^Jip Aj jJLL ^£jJl j^Jl ^_^Jw<Jl <jt))
0 1 ^ Oj I A^-*m*m^ ^ ^ 3 i-C^t-J 0^ A^b^»^— l L^B-Q^ ^
i j r * A?~J ^L lj-i-a ( j-wJ Aj\ AjULLj oljiiJ JL^3
^ . AaL*3U*-_<>J 1 J aLv^JLI ApIp j-s^ O wLft> ^JJLs ^3 ^j^>^>c-JJ 0j-^“ ^1
oJ_*_> /^0 Aj>“Ij luoj La bl 3t^J>-'Vl lj-£J (J j-JiJl y* LJ <. i J^J3
* *
La lj| AjLpj ^S t ^yP jPxJl ^2J«_1 i j-° LJ Jj N .LajJ
> “
|_^JJ| J_& jJ.^S' (LIS' lj|j . 4 .I 3 . i; Ulj A^a ,^-L->c-J Lu>3j
(^ jJ (jp-J^ J j ./} a il O Li t 4 ]g SL»t-oJl 4jL^vJ_iJi cJ_& g . a i
^ ^ i Li L_>- 1 j ^ JJ i LJ I jJijo o I *])L9 4 jj>- 1 I
L^Lf LjJil ji_j i (Essays Moral , Political and Literary , 1741, 1758) <uolj i~*l—
- 61 t[,o .j] tT. E. R. bilingue o^JU , -u_~_J ^ Vjyty jjy 1^-^j ^
Francois Chirpaz. Hume et le proce.s de la mctaphysique : ii^SLiJl oi^ J y>- ^JiJl .62
(Paris: Beauchesne, 1989), pp. 21 ff., and Michaud, Hume et la fin de la
philosophic , p. 28.
16
c. - >
1^ [ ^^L>c_^j s yi J^So l \*>- jJl
<ul_i? ^Jl <-lUu^ I ^Jl^vJjsJI ^^J_L> ^wJaj>o ^Jlp
»l>t^l <i)\ <uJM j ob oJ2_Ll>-I Lo lil jjl
I ji J t (J jpi*Jl
. (20) «^i^j Up
^3j t Lg-~~a_i ^j-o LfljJ-ilLwflJl Jb J_gj>Jl jl
t j jp U- p ^ 5 >' 3 l^j <jx iSi j>P Lp^i-o Joj>L
/^-o L^_iIp j-oj La^-va-i ^zy ./? j t^— > ~ aJ! Lfj (J-S-Lo <L*i
JjcJj . A_oL™jj(l 4_<wJaJl Jp jb t Lg-wPJu L»j - .0* 1 i^>LLoIj^o
Ajjj jlo Ji L$Jl j^^-> (_gJl dJLL AjjJl A^>jjijl
(Abstruse) ( _^ 2 _>j_*JJ j_wo_> jl JjU- ijj5i_<JI
«uij)-&j-<Jl Ujj^sb^JI j jpJl Lib jjjbLwoJl Cx? j~oj t jJJ jij
.AkJLllI j
«* > x ^ — ■
<Lj^_S' (jJLs^JLt ^_*J_1J JLa_> 0 jS>- j j_A Li^wX-oJl JUL> j(
JjSLj (_£ jjl t oil Jiiol . jLj^-~o Jj-kjjl ^3 A^»j .Aj bL»Pj AjIjJJi]
Lo jx j c*Lu pj t (Mental Geography) ((^LjssjJl Lily«j>Jl» oJuJL>^j
(21),
^AjJI b>" ^J J^-0
Aj JjlSLb
jb jS~Xj Lo <_£jj ^o (Jj^l ,J.-,<3 .aJI 4_J ^_a_) Lo jUi
JJlo ^5 jjJJ ojj>- jJl ( j-o oj>-j Ij_Lo ^«J)) ^LwJl
^lp j)Ji J Lo 0 (( ApL*2^w<jl^ A^02pJl C^lp oj-*s
. > LzSvJI 1 -La ^ 33 JjNl j}ij] (20)
Gilles :<uL5 ijjJjo J^- Uu=> (21)
Deleuze, Empirisme el subjeclivile ; essai sitr la nature humaine selon Hume (Paris:
Presses universitaires de France. 1953), p. 1.
17
( 22 )
LgJtSLLo j owJaJl (Powers) ^ j_aJ J-ia »
yt, aJLJ^I aJ^uJI aj j-LjI 5i ycoJl ^5-U j) .(((Faculties)
: wi M ^LSCUl J ^ ^JzJl ^jA ^J.yA>tJ la
p *” p
4jIp jjo i C j»UI ^SvjjJ I ^Ju>cjIj Jb ^
o^L-wL^—p 4_iu_> ciUj-J ^JwwL^-j L^U ®
p > p
olj t_i (1)1 ( j j^aJI k2 ;>- jj-o 4_gj I )
. J .j^ ^^xjl Ia.5j.C>-
tiUj i3jy_ ‘uiJaj Jj A ; Ji> t „'L' tiD-D JJj«J liJlS j-Aj •
- > s>
^ O-al^Lo LgJ 4 _*_iLc> l JS y£- 4_I _L*JL j lij^j
-
^Jl <UjL»j^I 4jwJaJl tiUJJ JwJjC IajIj y&J ®
.j^aJ I (Superior) Leu o^j Sli)
^_9 t - » 1 - 1 g J 1 4 _J— A_aJL>*JL*^> l_o tiXJ.}
•uS) t aJaL^^i I (_£ ^ 2-Jl yA JLJJ a1LwL>cj .
Likjj cjlSsaVl -_£2>L_$J Ui>l j^jl^j\j to j£Lii\j ^Llu'yi jL~J
y£- *)l .,<3 3 t Jsl — ij'iAj y>zJl} 1 ^JLp L^JJ
o^Ull t o^L*Ji t_s^" iolij j 1 4 J ^JJL*Jl
.OLwj^I oL>JJ
j*
t ^ I' ^_>c.a-qJ| la_A ^j_p t — > jjx-i ol , gi-p ol^* -(JiJ
. v tS0l IJU. y. JjSlI J_Aiil _£)l (22)
18
w *>
c Ja_L^a ( 3 ^-^ *L> d)j-^o LI ^-pl c ^ri <j!jj cr^J
aAAJI 4 j jJL --*J <OjLwv^j jwL *Cp jk-^j (j£ JJI f-^JJl ^Lp j
Jl^> j t (Understanding) y SjL_p ((^aJUId ^Uj-lj
( ^JL*J 4JI j .jSia JL dJJ-xS LJL^i UISI <jl 5 j \j t(Mind) LiL^
jLL*Jl 4 la a 1 LIS' li[ . 0>ljLjL>-'yi <»iUi
jl iSfc- J)l 1^ y ^y ^) ) 4^3 j-P *^LL^O ^3 C L^J
jyS- ^ c_-ao Ai Lr ^J c^L-Nl jli
<Lo.g tf v j ^LL>“ .w^o-aLsJI^ jj! c ^ r» ^ fl 1 1 <lSLLo)) ^Jj (3^^
c*Lol_*Jl c t<u<i_&|jj|) kaJpLLSL LJ .^JwwAj ^ LLS" Lj_j
J-* <jLw^« ^^Jw! ^ 0>L £-2—^ (^Jl .... UibJI Co ^UJI
Nj c ) ^_>b ^J-j c A^N-l->3 ^ ^ I^SLL^J I
4 J ^ ^^^2-LoJl C(l)L*-fl yjt Lv-J C ^.fl.ll
^LiajNl JjP L^jli c /jJt > jJl ^jp ^ LpJJPj) .<U^w2j
^ 4 i
tL^piJu ti^L-oj jlS^'ill ^-iLju t ^S jlJI 1 0 j 5 JdJ '>l^>i
* * (■
C^ ^-1 ^Jl 0 jSii Jja VUlil JS> j oUlP^I jl o^UJl JPj
^pljj £_£^L/0 J-oP 0 ,^-wvO C j\j yy+> . ^3 o^Lp Jl>- ^ip ^
^ 5 , 7 ^ &
C5^ ^ oAs>-J L^J jS '»LLL C jLSL^I
.jUJ^I (Jp
. OjolJ 4 ‘LsS^^-Ul O^L^IjjJl t \^JlS jiijl (23)
.((JiJIll OjLv*J ([.C-> . 0 ] t^-SjlAil jlo ! 0 ^ALill) ij 1 0 V— -N->«J
^ 5jlio J Oul j}\ 4JL ^ y ^ t ©J^J Jj yfcUaJl ^ jJl wUi5 jJaJ! (24)
J SJuJl^-l oVlilt ■ ^j^li Oj jaII j~rl^ ^ r « «~>~ i ySy^Kj Lflj yi L^J. I
: Osj- ^3'j J -^15 olji «l?-! 4 ^“ JJ JU“lj |».g. fl.lt i^LL»
4J ^> y c Uj^il^J.1 ^ aJU>S t JIlJN Jjjijjp) ^ J~ll p4*lt ^ uo ^ 2^4-^ CjV jlp
. ( ( 2006 b <Ca’|' ^lU «u J ^-*-1^ ‘uJiJ.I " ^— ')
19
y J 05 U ‘vJj (_^J S-oJ 4-o-*UJl jLxk - 1 0 j5sj 01 J~xy Nj
^Lp j - U_a j 1 _ r *v j_o ^uJI jo_p t (Urteilskraft) U >-^- y
JaIa ( _ r uLJsJl y 01 "V | 1 4_<>5L>JIj c Ui j. s^aJl j L^j jj iO?^
^ oJb-^U 01 OUUO/I y 015 lili t ^5-0/1 lj L c- Lojss J-3-1 j.L?) 0/
c~Jli L»_> JJ j (Faculte de juger) jl (Jugement) «,»_SJ>*Jl USLL>»
0/1 ^SOkJ 0 / 4jU t ((4_ajjSUJ|)) 1 ( ■» ^ 4jL^-*>\5jl jS* <• <jjJl
aSH-a yp yLz-j <. y & JJl ‘\SLx.e yP OJ_>cJo 01 i a_~^*Jl y> j-05Sj
^ ' 1501 r*>0 l .11 { ^-J *0 1 01 J-J 0/ .f*-g-4Jt
Id^j kojsLjJl .jJj <. 4 j /j6\
( Understanding ) U^j-J-^JO/S o^L^J! OU tOUi J-5 <J yj> j
. jJajI ^y 7 " j j_JjjOJl L^J jJvL<s_: d_o>-00l2_i/5l ijLp 0 -~~J
JjIJjlj o_5_> (To Understand) ( jyJ^jy\ J_*JJl 01 £yy^>
‘t-a-^JOJl y ^j-SJj 4 ^-4 -a!1 y'^A t_r5^j ^^aj-Jl ^v-^^-oJl
Lgj 0/ L>- J S-UJ 1 1 ( _^~° 0/ 1 ^ia^J 1 y !-*-«-! 1 jJjvJ yjsp^s_ 0!
ciLii Juj <j 0 / MJ iLp (Understanding) Jl [JM J j .yyyyl
^LaJ! t LgU'^UJ J^qLpJI ^Lia ^-friJU aJut^JI a-L^iO/l y*
U-gi (Understanding) Jl . ^Jw LgJ j jiUi ‘uJlp “y c^j ^iJI
cUr^' '■W J5 J^J 0/1 j_*> 01 JJ
Lo-ij dsLjjlj ^ j a ^ yy~«*S'
.^Jl . . .
01 S Lg«J-p ^Jj>c_j c-U^O/l Os->U ^Jil I0 _a U
(_yJl jj-^0U LpL>-j1j iLJJ Uj 5 ^«) ^ f a Si J-> t ^ g a l l
^-*-a L y 2 J«-; (Understanding) Jl UJ .<0U^U- (^Jl . . . lfjLa5
51 > * >
J 5 "j^C-p j Pjy ^^Jl (Understandings) «oU_a1JjJI»
j A |j & |»lj >y\ J J- i 0} .1— * sl^Jsl y i J p\ a i j! <y ~- ai *— J
20
JS *JL 4 M y y 4 y& a!w>j (Understanding) Jl
^ P 4
J5 <^l
- * * >
yjJ JL>- j_fj LgJa_il y ya jLSGMl yJJl G_& La
„ > s*
jJfc UlL : UjQ?l 4 la <V>- 4 4jl USU-aJl 4ij^4«Jl l^J aLi jjca
J^J 4 y jJ ya o jji Mj djLSLUJl ya 4_$LLo M 4 yA JJI
ijUU-Jl i y L*3 jIjLj aULLLl l3Jj-i a-L v2-5j 4 cjLSLLa jyjj y y
ya 4 (Mind) j (Understanding) 4 y* jjt j» j_y> oy JUi 4 UU JU
«The Mind is a Kind of Theatre, where Several Perceptions
successively Make their Appearance; Pass, re-Pass, Glide Away,
and Mingle in an Infinite Variety of Postures and Situations)).
ly iaJlAcG yJl <oULSol ■ *•-/? t yJl UJMl oJ~& j-J *. j G Li
tdiJLwft) .y&JJl L^-LLoo yJl ULL Jl 4_yy^- ,^Lp ULSiyl
oLwol j ya yGlj yl l _ r lp J-^a y-tJl <1>G lil ySU_a yj ya
Uao ysjJl 0 _y5” Ja yi> (j) 4 yA jji yJl jUlsLjlj olSlyMl
*1 >
ya y^JL yyy p-^- Lr* >*
.^UxJl 5 jJ)Iv2j 3 yl
(Une Logique ULG ykca cjr U fjJL yi J5 jl^ uJ aJl Ml
Uy ^>y) olS UJ j 4yJLb oLJ yJ_p- ^^Jlp yl 4de la reference)
Uj ; ^- > j. < 1)1 (_ 5 ^i
l<Jl ^JLJl AjcJaJl j>JLp aJjJ jt-AjJl 0^5"
t A_^i dU^x-JJ Lo ^3 dJl 0->x-> jiL>Ja
Jl *U Jls 4 uilJ^ U ^6 j.~y2l*S' *\jj A3 ^SJJl
^yo l^J A^yJLyo S ^Uu> ;4jbbj^oj ^JJL (Understanding)
21
J— Li ^-Aj} Lp LJ aj 1 jL^il ^j-*- 3 1 ^ j w
( j^^Lj ^ja W-j L5^ °^L*Jl (jli c JJJiJj
^i-P 4_lL>j UJ jl ^ t 4-JjlP Oj^ ^J uP 43jL*Jl
l ^ * $ *»— i.l jj <oLp c ia,d.^ L^[j c L$J ^ jjt* ^_JLp LjLflJl p-v
. LvoJLp ^A Liltaj} i LolpLJaj!
o^a^Lv^ <uL> p ^*-A ^jSL!j t l^i jlSjj/lj olpLJajj/ 1 £j+~ ^j-A.iJl
<UsL*JLoJ| qLpI . la >N ! LJslIaj jl N ^^vwJl ojLo^cl (jl
(Notion) Jz'yu* ^J^l LJ j & Lj^i dj^ ^ill LaJl?-j ^
s >
Ai Lla ^ j^_Sj 33 ^ jb 4 ^ I ^ 3 *• 3-& LJl<>J I o ..La ^_y^3 L)
4 _j j-JlS'^JI 4 jL>j_laJl ^J_P t ^ ^-^-*-> • «L$JwO
N j-aj .L$Jl5L* jl *\ j^Jl o J.A ^ jj>-j t (Berkeley: ewe esf percipii)
oMjLjl>-I j j j-y) <l*_> ^_ jJi olj L jlp ^ ! oJl^j ^jS-o-W .^IjI uJL)
jl o-L^J iwJlSLj ^J jli i j^JL > ejJI a.^>- *Sy% y>
4_L3ji 4-wQj). 1 1 oA->“ J^-P j-° 4.J ^ ^-AJL^v i
4*jp Ll* jJ I j) LLLSLlji c 1 1 oL)j.XoJl ^3 La jJLiL
^Lp ^*Jl jJL jL oLLta ^ Lii-I Ji *Lpj>- jj ^j->3
t 4 ! ^Llu£uol o^Ip^j L^J yd aL^\ ja J ji
,<SLJajl JL>t<J L
* (<-ij j?* Jl) Loljli L ^3-1 ^L_> ^jjl ^3 LlLSwwp-3 c jJJ^
^Jl « t ^J i JI» LfiL^ ^ 4_o_L$LJl J— ^- j k_i— S'
^ji-yaJoj <uJLSJ| <3 ^J,ja^gj ^jXJI Sj'yjJl jJJu" C tUpLJa-yg^l
.253 ^ l^jUI J^iJl t^l^l f , 5 JI t JjSll t yU^I ( 25 )
22
jiUJbu
(J-LjCLj N I (1)1 YIaJL^sJ L _ f l>
4o 4_*_Ul jj^-o2j2j ^L^Jo Us jJjL> C Ja.yg ^ 1 ^jLoJlj
UL>J_*3 LLwoJ', JjLj ji-A Jo>JL>5_> (jl CjIaJJI <L*JJ
\-y»y ^j-^ 3 <J\yy\ J-* (J-^j ^-1 j
lLLL> ^^2j>cJjo ^£jJl ^yj) $ ^ ^-<Jj cuLiJJl ^jA <l*J Jj^JIxj
bjj i 4+j ^aJI 4^ivJ-ill LjUj >- jj ( y JSwoJl yyr y* I-^a <j} .4 j j^li)I
„ t
<^<>jli d)j_j . 4jL**JuaJ 1 djLo-lS” ojIj_>-Lj <l»LwvJj { ^Jj>t_)
o^i-A *. a}j!za aIj^Js* <LoJLa] L^jL >^Jz1Aa (jl j*S> L^j b>j>- jj j
l I Jj& { y L<^j J j t L^-w^j ^<u«j ^ ^ L$sj aaJ
,4^> jljP J, Jj lJJ.> ^ UJj
pJ ^jXi J (^L-^v 3 wLv2_i 4-o j-*Jl 4-oLwvJoLll 4 -<o>- ^ lol (jl
4«*JJ| (jl 4_^Jw| C ^ J-A 4 -Q>r la </a„j
(JljjJl ^a 4jLjJ 4>c_^j| IjJwO j»jJl LJb ^*S?zJKS>~ 4-jL j iJl
o^^-^vsJw\Jl3l (j^J>\J (j I ^ t («li-J jj ,oJJ^>*_Zj Lo_P ^£^)Jo ^isJl
O^SsjIj y J>- L j^Aa ^jy\s>-
ULoj>~ jj t^^Jl ^A j ^JJI
t- t- * > ■* »
y l^J (j I Jj C J-v^'yi (jjl^j UL-wu 4 j Jj c t <*»>- ^X>o (jl
(jl t ,jjj>c_j jj (j^_^s_» y^S>- t (jJ^-o«Jl |j_A
• \ t AjwJSj ^jA Li MJaj I ^_LSvj
N C p. g 1>3 4_^_^yJo3JL<>J I Ul^Nj t ^^-Jl *— J^_*Jl 4 -o_>-I ^ vlJl J“^~ O).
C I ^ jL*.^La.o jl ^_g_j S' j| , £ W->“^j! yS' p-LjiS'ji! ,.» g xjwp>j
! t 4 jL^J„«J| ^Ja^j oil ‘ > <_S-~“-^ (_ 5 ^I lj j-la. J jl (jl
.(JUJI
S— I J>L^tJ3
23
djM
<UuaJLflJl ^
£lJL*-> ijl <LjL~/jNI 4^_^JaJl j»_lp t 4«JLL?eJl
o^d. J^j ‘W y' ypy ] ^-y J-^ i j4^° yp-.
tA^*>Lvi>ij 4 _o^l^'j yi— j)/i y (y~j y-i' y (* i "• ~ oi
O' 4>-p 0 (r *
<0* L<*_> ^-9 1 C L^jL^I ^Jw*j 2_U 1^ jJ ^>3 t*J&|Ju>-li
j^o^l lj_j^ i^_LU ^_9 J-^c-j il t[Lo-^_> I jJLla] ^j^Lvwp-^llj ^jJUL)
t L>-^J J J— J ^ydl jdJi ^Lp ** ^J\ j
dJ.XP wLs 4_L ^^4?-J3l} 1 d-^J LS" Lo — jl J J-o ^jJl j ^ Ifl .o-J i
^Jl 4 j 2_*^ I /ys l. d *« yg 1 1 IJu*> d^P t l_£-l»jaj\ pLd'b/l
jr~* d 1 ' u~* <lr=-
-*-4
JLi.
t [^LJl Jl] OIjJSII
4 j*Jio Lo ^JjljJ t <A>I JjJ ^ ^jLp^s^j^ ( \ r ^»JL*^j l 4jUa>*Jlj
^UJI oL^Jl ( j^o j j a .^g*... . 1 «J»lj^Jl l) y^j JLjOI
( 5;S> ) i/0*]A-*-j Lg J j jLtil 1*1 .^-iJ^il dL~d~d |*lSjij l$Jl jLdil y^*! j-gJl oi]
y>j y y
v<jL~J! IJla ^yj j-aliii o j&\ <y ^1 (.Moral ojLp ^ > - jd Ul^a ( 0 )
ol ^ 4jl jS' •(jl-A ^ (J,Ujj>*Nl JjdJlj AJU>JL>-'yi 43 (_^p
.^yUyAlIj 4 j L5j ^y>_a t (J^l-Xiil ^y*-* {J>i L^J ( _j j *-* J
25
UJ j ^ ]gj 'L<±j pL- U J \ 0 j-OOL>^ t j Ll^-flJlj AAlii^»~0O>Jl j&\
-* * b ' '
i iol*_~Ji j a>«_oJ! ^OO L>o jAj a\^J2js]\ Oj L^oOo^
.aJA^O/I ^a-woL pIaasIj p-JbcJl a ( j^3 L* 1*13 1 Lg_J| LJ LLaJ>- Oj^_>- j^3
Oj j*Z L>j ‘LLw S ^2_*ljl j 4_Lo ( i j-^ (^j-illj 01 ^-Lp Oj jJwoj>o -t—
<0Lp \jSjs\ A3 ^ ^ J Oj>Ajjjl*j t OJJaJ . L§_> ^]Jjuj 0^-v-wwo L>- 1
‘UsOjJAa'OI I A^>c_a 0_i ^-0 4j0iJLv0 /.j-4 I^ASO>Aj 01 Os LgJ_S” ^t-^OOa-p'l
OOLp OoLS OLw-jN^ Ojj-^-*-0 c ^yi jJ>-^/l Oalj
<• «•
jj_L^i>o U^o <Lj jJ ij-pli j_* l2-« jiS"l
^J_oIjlA_] I 4-*— wJa_Jl jj ^ — & ,d_S*}\2»-l ■ • 1 • ^ ^ 1
JjpL-oJl »illj Ai L'*--’ aJl t t^j^a^Lj t <_$
Lp^-^ jS^j j\ ^J~JLj <• LLiL^L^>-J jsS->j Ljs_A3 J
jL*Jl 4 jI jjJj^J .4 Jww*j 15" jA* jl <C_o«J *]Aa 3 jt <U^*j
u< > ^ f. 5* —
C O-^T" C A*j AA?x-*-«j A3 AjO-vJjOI 0 ^^0 01 01 Oc^oj>- ^jOOJI
^jj p o^j_^>c->3 a_> 01 1 ^JJ Oli-j ofj t wLSjJIj J_<3_ajl!Ij ^*>0>-0ll ^>>0^1
01 j — p 1 4-pOiJlj J0i»>Jlj c ^tLw^-gil j 4_0SjJlj t Ua>tJlj <uOi>0l
Jil l J . AA I Jf-w-xjAjl oA_£> ^ ^Jj>iJ 01 Okj^AJOo ^-9 0 jh£->
Uj ) j ^ Aj y*-*£> ^ c <U>.^ x>J 1 oJjfe ^Jl Oj-W^j
jvJ caJoLaJI 4_^0>tJl oNL>tJl 0 j0-5aaj
>. lA_^_j ^ki L OJO-j ^j-4 0^°A-iL3 t OjAj^-j
«= . - p
Ia^ ojj 10 ^-v2_) A^Jws^^l j_^^0w<>Jl O-LO 1 ^-*-0 Oil JO
* J*p ^
t O-i A j jJaJl jt-^OOO CjAj 0>_^3j .jv-Lp . 0* ^9 ^jLvjNI 0jw2JiiJ
/^AjLaJI OOsI j_>3 OjA-OJo ^ ^ ;li t c-l j-aJI 4_^Lp i j^' AjiJjCA-vwO J_1
^JjOi>JI ^OLaaS"! /^o 1 jAx-o-j Lo OJ (^- , 1 0 j^OLi^j u pO>-SO>cJI^
olilSOJl I J-A9 t ( ^ r JL?-t>Ul J, — l*j ^ 1_5~^ ^
26
. /^a jj ^)J3 J *
^ «! p
AJa>- Loji ( JJacU* i>wS'!^!]j 4 jLJ_aJ( ol >_LLi
yt J Loj C 4 jlL*JC^~_<»J|j A_a_^ 3 wl_l! l ^Lc- L^J ^vUl *Lolp , L rj- 4 ^j
C ~_gjl I LgjS? *y C I 1 §J j yy> yy> _^iS 3 l < 1)1 ^
J 3 J-=~^ Cr* (*-$-^ <_d 1 Mj
j_pL«J! JJJjj JJc^JtJ L^Jjj .frljjs’iflj c_J-aJl c_iI 5 sJ t^bJl oLw>-
-jA jv-^j jr^J ^ JL»^I
AAvJiJl oli cdUi ya ^i^Jl .^*-f) <uLaJ (_>JJ 1 iili Jlo^Jl
ij y>-$ aJ J j_?i-j "V 4 _LoS ^Lp |» jJu dl— > LS" L« 1 1 a_«_L*JL~~«J 1
^JJtaJl a_<*-^p- 1 z y ~ wLwflJI v oL*_> c , oLwnJi / ^S' Lj^«
^-Lp JisL^xj (jl LgJoL^xiJ y^Lou ")}j . ^)l_gjL!l ^y£>j jjiSJ^i
Ijol ^_ aI IjwwLs t Li> j_L» j Jpl
* 3 J^_>t_f^ . L^J-S* L^_) L>- 1 c LlA 1 ? 1 ^-p oL>«-*aj
.^UjbjJl jjo (_J»iJl] ,Jj~o->iJ!
^y> O jL>- Jci aJs^-JI Aji^J-aJl OL ^_il 1 \a Jli "V kiJJ Jj>
■ jL>&_^I ol _«J i "V aJLij t L^-J LgJb-lj 'u§_wi_p L^_«jjl a . JuJ I
Jj A3 j^j a ya JS I l. Oj-Jl ^1 Cl yc^S- ji 0^=^<J| I
CAj^L^..?- ,j_» aJL^J>- jl j»_Aj_^lP oljj-j ( j-« .^.Jg-L?- o y^-j
i a-^2jl 4_i>- > V (JL»>-1 A La I Lfl VcAi I jJJsj (jl jj-P p—
cjj-«^LjlJl JaJjlJ <jl luj-wjl C jv^-JL P jt-^A>c_t| J^3
t ia_Li_U LqJCj— JaJ_*Jlj L Aj*V*b/ JJL-«I ^9 I
A>c_J^Jl a-Lpj cj jiil /rP “U^j "V AjL>-bu^ol ^2 [_£2> LoJu [JaJl^Jl
P _» P > (.
J C ^1 ^Jl j^_^-vXwoJ ^al La 4jI v_LLL> J(1
^L^jt jj (J^SCj jl L5^i w ^'^-^-, i . ^ ^AJI
jl ja l^>| C 4jdz>- ^
27
^ilLvwJl ^]| LJ jJo j_& L*->ij 4 a 3 J
*Lw*-~JaJl ^j-oj ^L*Jl jj^^tJl /^o ^L^JlL^I JuJj>tJL> ^Lkj'b/l
*■ j 3 j-Jl (Cicero) Oj o { *~ ti -LLli <•
(La j-^j j->y Lil -j-r>- L«_>l LajC Jl 5 (Aristotle) j Ja_.^jl
<. <u Uaii>^3 cilta JJijj jL*sJl Bruyere)
^lUI u.^_> Ji j .6 J _s^j 4,0 ji jjUnjj b/ (Malebranche) or iJl^JLo
(Locke) i) jJ jj_SLj <■ (Addison) i>L ji ^ aJU L=j_j
S* ««
* i.— . — .O la^t^O
ilnri
*— *a>- O ! <ot*Jl ^3 J J i_S j-~i-ajl Lulj
* ^ f. *“
£-*Cu Lo ^^L*j <<U 3 <\J IjLwJj ^-AjL ^ 4jIj (J j^LwvO .^011
# i» e< f.
L*JaJCwO (. ^lUl J-v?l _y (J 1 ^ L’^’ • L -—-T TL ^-i
i* f,
Lr* ‘o"^' i Lr* t/* oljj^aJj tP'-y’
^s <. “>L3 tLiL^_>sJl cS ^-'a j_*Xi! t (_5 jJ>-l “C^>-
^3 t f- -LL jCi (j( t 4j>sj^aJl Lo|jj l^w_*J ^Jjl
<. ijjL*-«Jl ,r ^.1— > CJj->XC0l ^ ^2 (_£jJ J L |»jj_L*J| 4—3
c Oj JjcOu Lo ^^3 t ^*L JaJ I 3 j 3»-I olj . aI— jJl ^J&LJl aO_£j i oJ^Sj Jja
i— ’L lSLD “>La>I Lo— (j-,’.,.o L-L _! ! s j_h_)l Lh^-* L_i I
t ^L> [<-Jut3L] lijjjj [JJLxJL] \ j]sj jLsw’S/Ij
* — 'LL/I 4_j jj U t c-»ljiL>wJl j jjos ^3 c LisLs- L>_g^o JJijj
^^-3 t LiLsl^-o Lo-gJ-o JJajj t w>j-LoNl ^JJ 0'^ p ~
ajLJujJ l j^x^A> (.oLiL^/l LJJij LJJj L ^s- tJL>-pS[l
( CjJ^j JwoJ^LoJl £_JaJl Ijja JL« j_C^_ ’ ^3 i ^Aj\ ^~Jj .Ajjj^o
^2 La 'y LLaJ i. 4_4 j jLaj L ^L-j! 4_L^--Ji CjLLIj-oJI ^j-o
t <-Lp Li ^ L^U- t— 3^oSLp ^ J-P i-g_o-^3 i— _ j13^Xj LI (_5^ L-IL ^ i oL>Ll
j^LL-oJU CLi A3j 4_lj!sl ^1 jv-LcoJI 3 j-' ^jJlj cl^Jl ^UaJjjl j-*~S'
28
liU l 5L>JI oLvUsl^j (J-^J LoJ I ^JUJlj <lLjJI
e. *
l$j Ad £ jl*Jl bl^ L 4^_o>t-o ol^bLlj^*oJ! CsJ-£-> elo^Xb JS JSl */? d\\
jJ iJj_*J! bl j <. [^JJL*JJ] <u-L^o cU-~~ol Ji .^obJl bl j c ojb>c^
.[ JJU-U] 4a1o~o dbL
<W2>tj Lo p-L*Jl /j^o ^JLLu bJJ Jb ojbxpL^ t J^Lp ^jIS* L)b«j^!l
j^o 4 _jJ-J ^ob^o^M ol ** b~L*_ilj) j-JLll ^r°
^jjo _ a^UJl i!L_Jl 0wL& ^3 _ L^_>L-i>sjJ b° oj, C^->*j
Lo jjJL ^pLoJL>-l ^jlS* (l)L*o)Jl J . J-JLv* 3 4 4jLwwJL$bo^ 4 _Lo| jijJb
<L*JLo-o <U>e-v?.> Lo (1)1 ^piaJL^u ^ UajI Lw&L* <bSLl j t jJ^Lp
Lo LfJ (^ 02 -bjJl ^_>3 4 - wv_>2j ^3 *Lo>tb2Jl dlbJ ^Pjj (1)1 t 4 ^LvwOJ
4JL_^Jl cb_& :>- j_oo A-o^-Ls 3 bi-ibb (l)L*-*J^!l^ . I g Lab
^t_v2_>t s_j (1)1 (. <Ujbu^l I ebw>-Jl <oljJ J-V^ s — bbo>w3 4 o>-j_o-oj
4-pL* ^i J\ lJI ^-L >lj ^bbJl t ^J^bboJl^ cJLd-p'yi ij^Lw^jLij-o
J^\ • ^J>tj| ^Jj 4 _LwO oljL>t-o Loob 4b>Loo ^vb J t<Lpb^ J-*0
Lg_^oi jjb L>t_>j-o ob>Jl ^° ooi^eaJLb JLi 4_*. «.■>., b. s I (1)1 bl
^ O { ^ I ^ 1 I ^~b~*J 1 ^ ^ x H l- ' .O ■ r ^*J ! »-^3 L$j| J C (1) LwwlJ 1
^J-pbl*—obl to j^S' ^J-P l^_>C_P ^iJwO I^Jw*-Jb_5 C ^ bwV^jJwb -P^l^-J
^SsJ^ c L*JL> j^bLoL^J oLoOl Lo l^bLbi . |» ^ I L-oJ 1^
-b ^ \ . L j ^L>-^ Lj o ^-^bo <il5L^j LoL-^jj ^v-SLo-Lp
J-Pj.4 J5j [^Ul t _ 5 lp] jJjCL^o ^^Laj J5 ‘^- a > s “
Loo [j*_SLi>3 N ^>3 ^JjpJ <—^LiL^Jl Lo-^-^o ^ J^w>c^j
^xJl 4-o ^jl /^O aJI ^bvjlj^tj Loo ^ C /^O ^bbLp bis j~+>
Lowi^^ ^^o 4^o ^«p^j- 0-3^ Ls L^vl^-S" i 4 j Loo j c ^ ' *y
*«_»Lo2-vv-L3 ^ -3 ^ b ^-^J»^3 (1) Lw%o ^ 1 L^_j I L> • L^OJ
. l u^o i i c b-Uj
29
Jl 4 jL*JLaJI (Jj_4JiSLj 4 _a L p (1)LS" jJ
4 La L) l Nj La^-~-*-^> jl j^s* ( jji l j o jj>t«oJi 4jL*JuaJl
jl j ^_*xjJwoJI ^1 jJl I*La ^Jl <jl ^ y>- * ^>Jl ^-Lp jL$" L<J
4 J-SJ J ^ J J-> Oj 43j Ju jV-^J jl ^2->e_J>
c j*sSL) lLU^ jL^-'N 1 j-~—> {j? I jLS* l <> 1
LJ jl ^-^o->cJ l 4L^J| ^,42-3 j-^l -^ >_ c£"H (_5^ > "_5
jJiJl C5^i -Lo-*Jwvc LjU 4 UjJ^L^JL 4^<>»rf-vJ ^Ul JJ>-P (Sj^
. 4 j La J, yg« J ( 1)1 4 *JLw 0 ( 1 )j^
^lJ! o j-JL*-o^Jl wLj! j-4_l! (1)1 Ja_a , -*)LjL9 £_£jJLo (1)1 LLX-Sjw j)
4.1a... .a-sa. 11 ‘uL^-LflJJ L^l>»jJ>- ^A O 4_i^3 jJl AjLwJwill ^jS-
4^a 4 j>-j^ (1)1 4^]j'l/l j J-S {j-* 4 lj_J jJJL> ioLwu'yij
i jtaNl Oois* J*a ! L^j'V'V wilful jl l^JU; j 4 La^pLJl« ^ aSjJI ( j^»
p <* *
^L/ijtj ol~>t_a 4 48 1 j8> ^8 ol j^/l iiLa>cJl _a ! J j-v2> *5? I LgJ5" OS jJl
j 4 jjsiJl jl fLiil 4_^ix>i^o L^o
J*>U^I
4 >*
LoJlp
^U_)l f j_. / > j-aJJ l— 4
La lil IJlas JiLa ^5 ^-LoJl ( _ s -Lp jJJLI jLjjJl L)li 4 oLo’LiJl
L»-j iliXa is j*-a 15 t^jj-Jl Vfj-Jj £p5 43 j 5 i_5^i ‘■615’
4 OJIJJI O.-^-H ( V r » Lo_^Oa Jjr ^8 La_a 4-Lw»g- ffl , S 1 ^jj> 4_Lo ji\
Lo-^oj .^L^-NI 4_slo?l 4 _s‘>L^-Ij aljja'yi 4_3^v2j'j oj*sJJI o>U»<»j 6 I
itf p *a
OjJ>-jJ| (j-42-^J (j-® <uli 4 Ljwv 2 -a 4 _v^oJl IjlA jl la. jl IJL* IJj
p *
jJfcLli-oJl 4 a_s^j ^3 ^L>oJl 6 j-°J __^j -Ls ^JJ! di-L) jl (_^jJ L^jjN
LopI pLol ^wjli 4 ol^Ulj 5L4>JJ o>-jL> 6 Ij wl jJI
o 615" <twj ^s ,al»j ^Jj ^s>i^ 4 ^>_Lp ^SL3_9 4L^_*OjI^ ^l?LoJ!
j_a 51 4 o j_L IJl^J 4 (Helen) jl (Venus)
4_^ £j>jh >* ‘6ljJVl ^1 ^ oi ^ ^'jl U j»08>o^o.
30
4 s if- f-
jl t LSL> LaxxIj iiLij Lg-Lo-S' i oLyJl ya o»j^oj
<*
4 *J £*^>1 j-° ^\j <• lS J-^>tJJ 4-Ji>-|jJI 4-jJl LJa3
yjs^. J Sj jxJI *ly4 ya f.y>- J5 ^Jlj 4 ^lia_>Jl y~5yj
4<JL*_>t_U J_^j_a Jlj_?-S/I JuS 1 _ S _5 4 4-jj J-^J
- ,» " * >
.4_i& j-oJl ^yL^^-^U xia Jl y~j/l Ji ^y ^^>r.,igll JNxxNl j
. 4 . 1 . .«ll yp jjt> y^Nl yg LioL LoJkJjs-l ^IXal ya 4 JI ji La
( y 4 jy Jill I ^jj jl t tiUi (_J ji t Jaj>- jL> jl IxiLa-J AjI _j
4 aJ LS’jlxal yXa jLi Uya 4yg_<jl ya <Uy> Ji yj jyiJl ya y
. ^aX^aJ I /■j 1 -,^ aJ LgA^>t^3 4 4 .J LaJ I LgJ Lai” ya 4 J Jj2j
La l^l AA^JjJl ^-JJ jli 4(jLaP*lfl yp wL^-J jl 4_jyvJ_jlU jL>- yjj
La^^v3 Ll^.a c. ) I .Xj j/ 4^^> | LJ| ^ya 4J*jlp^ t ^ Lp Qms^~ I
4_~XL$Ly 4 4jjL»Xa 433 yyjlj j jXJl jjL^a ^Lp £-L»t->j ^aJL>c^aJl
jg, 1 il £_jjjJ v-iLLJj/lj J ..P.-.xJl ya ixj_a (jjjj_) jJjjJl Jyj
4 4 JLpI_X/ 3 j_y ^UaJoj/l ya |j_jyo jjjLijJl ^j-^~J J-v 2 j>i_>j 4 l g " i^jlyij
yXal 4 jjx>Jl oLoj5L>Jl C-Jj Xil .AjLLa-Pj ‘^h]as>- L y jX-Jl yaj
4 A-a-jXflJl ya ^ 3 ! LL)X>jl AjL^jjJl CX>L) Lai" 4 ^La-jXtfJl ya 1^1 yLXil
.jyaLXa ^Jvb" ^y L*a jlXj*aXi jjllyj/ LayL*J'J
=-l_j>jl Nl oLaaljjJl aj_A ya
oJjLi ya y^o. jJj
jL5 il
f
> - ‘>v—l 1— a— a j-LJ^ jl5 X 4 J 4 j j, ^ 3
^yUJ ^1^-* yJl AX la <J| j AXoj/l ^.ftLaaJl aj_* J], I--J *)L?-Xa
j--p Ux^Li jy^-ll ji-j 4 oL^»iJl ^y L^Lal^ 4_*y^jxSl ^j-^l jl -jyL^^jjll
^j^LJl ! y>yL* J La jiljl ( _ 5 -I- s ' jXi .43 y^Jlj p_L*Jl
j C- P . c* .
L^y ^-gX jl jl (JjIj-*jI y 1
jj o y>cJI oX* jl | +-&JJ .4^_il_a^jj/l J—XaJl jy yx jj
La ( _ ? Ip (jy - 1 J jJL*Jl (_y j-ajfl jli 4oXg_>t>3j LiLi jXJ
31
4j^- 9 curls' bl 4-J wp (_£ y^~i
4*ol*J jlo Jki Lo^a ojj CUC>~J ^jJjbcJl 0^>0 (. 0 jji J^3 4j>tw^J
4 L^i ja*)UaJl (jj lJL>- .lift y Ljws^o ^Ul
j*+i tiJ-Jo 4^3 4 -X^_?xji ^y* Lulls' Lo-^>3 c cuLowLLail ya j^uil g\ y~\
,A*Sj}j ^UJ
> w * p
4jLv-J-ill L$_i i A .J?.~j 4^aJJa.l| oj_A jL ^ ,./?*-> jSLlj
jJ-vS-a ijJJ-15' ^yt> Jj I. 0-L^J>r^0J AjLjj J 2 JL 9 C^~-J 4jL~0-*Jl
£c—^2 1 t j-aJX^! l ^-5 l_LA La j . 4JwO ^ Lp N ^*_A jJ l j 4 ^_) J-U
\_ 4 _>l . LL y*3> L^_<>J I i* La 4 _aL >-_9 La j^S\^ ^jL-^I jJlp'VI
V i-l-Arf? ^jS- jJ -/} T 01 Lai L^jIj c ^»_L*Jl ^yL*^ ^_jL) ^ , . - M ~n~»*» i'i il
C5^i ^ ^5^ <jljj y* j2)Li? ^ bL^JL^-i wLg-lo>cJ ^1 C (jLw w^J^I
p p s’
lip jJwSJ jl j! 4 ^Jp A^iLiUw^J C-As- y£> y
sS* f.
^_Lp L^j I ^JLvwj 4 ill wU *Jzjkj aJu^>- j cub y~^ <lJI_
c ^1 p aIjIu^jI ^p La»Jj>c_p j.^.,1? 01 i*-> 4 aJ \ c *,s? *>C^ l^-Cft^
4 yp y&l} I lo-S* CUP 0C>L*Jl 0J-L> ya d*0 ^1?
a_Jp ^ykicil 4 ^ O^ 3 cS I j-s^ jjc cull? j
a? $ $ &
j ^cuJl 4-^1 p JL^c j Ls^? L,^? g 1 1
Up^/ ^ — -’Ijj'S'i I^l>CL 3 /^jjJl ApL^o
^JLJU^I ^Jl tal^l jji 4 I j_>LWj L C ^ > -
. jJi}\ ^ { ( yS'\- vflJU
JjU ^j-P AP,^ ^^Ul! I jjj-CJ Lo 4 ^SsJ^
01 ^ ^ ^ S ' jj JLv^jIj Cujj>t>Jl k^LLL
^Jl u y>^\ Q J3j-^ \
4 <±JUi (j—^p I
(Y _fL>->cj ui ^Ul 0! {j* Lc! aJ 1_ 'i/l cjj_*Jl
oJ-A ( /^P AjL^JJI ^3 }^_L>Co (j^ (_5^P
32
aJI tiJJ^ I aJL>x-^ j-JlJI JJL*JJ
Jid ^3 o-ULtfJl ip ^»bJl jj-« o jS
^Ul 4 _>*j>cJ j^5o (1)1 l-d J-Aju N A-ili L CjLp ^-n^> ^- dl 0 jjfc
ajLs c aJL^U axjLJI o^jl^tdl oJlS L^>>j .^jJl>JI jL>t>i ^ OlSd
j\ Jaj>Jl oLjIj^oj ^l_£l>- iL> £_Lo 01 ^ U (J-^j JI^jN
4jAjj|l L§-S otit-JLibl ^11 Jl — >-^l (, J»I_*jlo 4_o_SC>Jl
a , * a 4
iuays- ^y> JaAxJ N jt-XAJI jij^ jAtj jaL*- 3 J-4P jjb jjAjJJwJ . AAjLUI
; jj^A a „ - ■ - ■ ^ i « -■ * (j l I \^ y > Ab ^ 3 x_) ^ |u L ^ y -® i b»b I L A L^-
jj y>^ ( _s^- c ' J~bjj (_£-b!l wLa- jJl ^^J-oJl d)j .5J-Jw*jl o L*_o_3 1 oJt*
^vAAj ^3 J_>T_) jl J-* AjJ-Lx^woJ I ^JjL^oJI oJAs A3
4j| AjliUsj el jJjJ jj^3.> JJaxJ (JjAi>- ( jjo sjlj (_£jJL J l ^jAjJl
Aw2-*2_1| aIaIp ^_sA?j-aJ 1 oj_& ,JJa> o ^yi 4_>-^ (_J L I.X*A
4j>-Ij L_«j L» bl iL^>-^ll l-L^_i <J jbLil l j~A LJ N .AjJwijL^oJlj
4jL C-j ^_3 ^^3 ^_>Jl ^j-a UJ J-jN .LajJ eJ_j«_j ,j_« ^X^-aJl
Olb I31j .A, la .aLS'j Aa jA j_«JI p « la 3 tJ LXaj L« bj (_J>cJl LLjJ^ib-^Jl
(_j ^_*/2 jsJ I l) b w djaj L*^J I AjL^Aji] I o Aa ^ ^ A ) ^ -1J I ^A I
!_^jjl ^Ul ^JuLl ll)l
^>Vi t jb-Ml (_$jJ
L >
JUI
(J*y jjL^NLi i ol_*_9j-iJ! j_>-Ij cJboNl LiL^A-l
( J ^3 Ib^-JiSf I JbvJ ^ ^.LL«J|j J_^»- jJI JuobiJI ^>LJ| J_* g-^SX-yg. llj
AxiAl^Jl Ai^JjjJl dJUU ( _^b i j^UJl oJa-j jAj ,o>bl-L*Ju^'y I j
I ciAb o - b a ",a- I L« bj ^_ybl <bu jwb b-^oJ 1 aJII? ^J l
.“Uibb^j LjJlP Cap- I jjj A^ALil«Jl J ^A*Jl i_aL>i_s* 3| ijl A^il
«-lj- 3 -l j_oJl Ajj-A a_ 9 Ls^>NL A^obj
A^ibrjl blj^o 5 wLp (. A^jj L* ^iS”Sj i—jjl*^Jl
CaLJ^-C- ijl jiixil C^AlIj Lo-o^ L L^jlbvboj Aj _^ jJl Ax^baJl (_J jbJ
33
LJiS l L03 L &j oL 5 c^^ajJI
OJ-L> {j-*-*-* &L^I 0 . 3 j j~ s*2_Jl 4 Ip yj> LftUwL>t_>i
OJJj 0^ t ^2L*J J^-P l^_v2-*-> J-wOJ J L^-Oj ^ ^jO>Jlj \?jbs>vS\
* fr *
t L^*-s<pj^ La JaJoj>t_> ol ^j-P ( 30 -j O^Lp
«LL^>oj A^-^JaJl ^P jJl^2j ^Jjli ^Lio ^3 LgJfl-wP OjNj
oLUp ±Ji}jJ>x-o *^3 -^ IjlSLaj .^^SCLJlj ^j-*Jl
Lr° Wr-^ ^ l^I cr 4 ^^' u* J-^j
LaLlL*.^- UJ 5 LaL*L_*jl> ^jlJI aj j-ftLlaJl j-aJl ^iiAj ,JJ? ^A-s^lj
t -T^ A^lij ^-A Uj} 4 4 j 0 ->t-Ji J) ^J>o 2 ^_U L P^/ 5 ^ 1
00JlL*J ^A LI 0 jlO_>eJl <UvJwLP oOjfc ^..J&jJl A^-g^o OolS"
jJpLo , 0—3 ijli C L— *jI jS*~ OOlp ^-A ^uji ^u^Nl
oUL Lo ^Jl ^LiSL. uii_'^j 4 /^a JJ l 0LI4A ^Lp I .si
wJk-ii ijl U y^z 1 p-! jJL® 4 IajL>-jJ ^3 Jl£?jl yA aJJLj Ljj Aj y*-j2 Jl
( /yfcJJl f\ Ju-bn-lil Ijj6 yA jl <LjA-iJI Lsl jj(j>Jl oJA ^jA -L*jI ^1
.^Jc Jl Aj ^~e> y La jJjjJi IJa ^3 LJ jis .X&! 4 oJjU>x»JI ol j£j
0 f. ^
O ( VLs^P I ^^jwLJL jJ& Lo j) L$jOj j*Jl*JI I jjfc LJ jO — } 03 Lo jjS
« AA—JJiilj A 3 ^jc«JI ^pJu ^y> J4S ^OJ aL^_>cJ LjLalp^l 0!
p»L^Ji 1 -La ^i-P cjL>c-a ^_5^d L) I ^ AjL 4 ^LU«LS # ^
4^o|j_A A-s-o^J (J _^-^- J Ol LwoJ^J 0-3 AjIj
ol ^ O.LOJJ Jb>x-» *>Vi tJjJJLS* J-<k-P Jb-SsJ Jj t ^JaJ J-SsJ <U>-ULj>-
^ l „
J^-P o-i— A ol^ t oJU O^P d^L^La^ ^ ^3 ^iapl 0-3 ^-AOJI
> „ f.
0 LS" c ^>«j o^v<oj j-oL<LII olS L« olo
A^j AjI ^3 ^iLoJJ jL>«_o *!>\3 A^_jujbj .^SLaJl (^oj [OiJo5*] J^-o-lll
lO-A olj w l0_^_> aJlsLJI 00 L L l */7Ji ) I ^3 4 -— ' 0-^0 c 30 -s^
4_oO_3 4 1 J^-AnLJ| 0 ^jL J^-P ijL^“j->tJ ^ 4-^0-^Jl 1 Oj&j i^O-s^Jl
34
olj^l ^ dLL5
^IjJl
..xJl a-L* Jjwa 0~“
J5 ^a-£3 ^Va--3 £J2 j (^S^-9 4 Lx-tia^ 1^ A>-->s-aJl 4 /j-k-LJl_9
J ^3 o~Lk ^a w — LiaJl 0 ^Xj -L ^xjl tOl^-aXil ^*>-3 ^LLa 4-5 ^-L>aA
f. „ ' . " 4
^^Jlp ^-pI LgJl jJ j 4 UJLj LJLJb- L^j-p JJLi ^ LgJ La 4 4 jL~LLH ^
La — wu^J 4 oLaJj^LLSI 0 -i_A Jlial aJ| O-L^a^j La JjJ J . L^-L^J fr-lJl
^y> y jbJl li-£-J ULp (_Jjl o ^-So L — Lx*_> 4 ^-Lsxj [ j^> ; l_g_L-a o j—
3 ^Ji-a-P Aa— 9 aiLL ^a L! jjl .AjL^-aJl^ ^-JL-)! ^j_a Ajb-J-iJI
Awi-lil ^>Lw^-N! c-L* £-J}\ jyi t J jJJ 4 j5\JJ L=x^>t— a? liL— j lL.Ja.x-i
j— isLj jjjja.— j ijJaLJl ailxJjl 6 Li .a l— o ?- 4 Lg_aLiL>j
?L-Lxj la 1 .' jil ^Aj 4 ,jj>i jJ| frl^-i [jj_Lp>-]
4jLl*-j LaL—Pj La LI AjL-LbJl ^jA ^j-ajp L)i LJ j 4 ^5 \ ]j
**-'£■
(. C !_\j^o L£j ^J>0 ^*u y> (ji i ^1p J J>- J
■^>- : p^ 1 ^ 4^! ^-U La ^1
S'LjJa j^-5LUJl jjs> -LiJ ?aJLwL<>_p ^ ^JL-JVI (Mind) ^yA-Ul
CaIS jj>Jl ( _ ? L^ 4 jA>l jiaJi [aji^-*>La] j^a Us^AlaJl 4 J^-Ll-aVL j jJcSL>
^t-LL 4 L*^jol_4aJ L^-aUi) ^J-Pj LjjLa-iJl aLv~X*)Lj ( _yLSi A_LJb>sJl
1 ♦ *" *» i>P ^ ^ ^ p ^
j-Jl Ji-3jL , Li? J-’ < L' ^“i- 1 ‘a-3_^-v_ Lj ->■ - — Lp
4— i-t La >Xjs]j . L^->-^j_a iJ^L 1 j — — j ^^L3 1 ^
^'ajl LLj ^j~~y>3 . ‘L x . : .. la , ] l [Li j-*-a] ^ 1 Lj-^i ^i vilJjl
Ll*jL jj-XJ La bl t <CL-LiJ ^jjfc-Ll LoLt-i^Xj ^L'^a-a ^L>tj j \A
^J-aLXX-aJl 4 jOPxJi dr°-5 OaLa^JJI /j-a JdLa-a j_Lii *LP Ll-L>sJlJ| oJl*
X— 33 j^X-a Aj^L-a ^.a lj— a d-’LLa-P ^A 4—La-P (S* L)^Xj L)l
l-L-a ^y!l La-^x3 ji 4_*^3 ^ll>o ji La-a 4 y>-\ l-L-aj ^ ^b -11 L—La^- ( _ 5 -Lp
^ » . *“ P p
C L^*_Lp 1 j~^*>+S' i) 4_iL3 C . ‘L-JlS' jZS\^ ( t ^'
U ^ JwO Aj Jj>?jJl 0^ <• 4^/LJl jUluMI
35
t* (. W 5
li} ^Lo-Aj {*-* <j-* L^ 2- *"! C5^ LfJjl^J j-j t ^ j-> J-S" JjUxJ
1-LA ^3 (1)1 * j-<Jl CjT^” *1 ^- j2 - vv ^-^
^ f. (.
Lolj ^j*~~ ^«Jl willi jlS' Lais teUxj'yij 4 jLj«JI j; j| La ^vasL
j»J ii\j t *ijLi><j ^Jl jl I j*i~\ <u5j«l ^jJi o j5b
ox^xjJI oU-A jl li^l to di-L) 0^^
f^- 9 • Lg-Jl 4_ij>tj jl ^Ji-Ja t l^-j i_j _^p j-j ^p Oj^^j-'yi
LLi c LgJLoJ^- AjL^vwijL i i ^jj* |U_A (1)!
^»^JI Jl>*J *— jJilj IJLa JJU
Uj^-d-> jl UL*3l (JL*-sVl ciii-j jLjlpI ^-aJ <1)1 ^J-p
o-La £^-L> 4-Jl ^J-^-^J-t Ll — 1 1-L*-* ^-P" < ‘— l_$-H
j-^Vl IjJLp -Li t L5-® p-^jj I
p ^
t^JI jjLp'yi ^?Lwo *>li t ^Ip Ijl^J 1 1 j-Ji^
jl ^4; aJoLp J^^Lyj t dJJS
Jj-Lxj La ^3 OLS" lLLIJ-? .Jj*1 8 ll J JjI^JI -o->“ Lg-J[ jJ"
* ^^ww-»»Lw4^Jl ^^s>- j ^J_j oJJL»
W #> „ p !» »>
jJ^sjclSIj 4jus jJl jyi jl jJj 4 jA^olS^ jt-5
p s’
jli 4l_j^jj l^JU5 ^>jJ^Jl ojjb 4 LoJJ 4 jl jLil
<AP- jis\ Lo-jj jJ>i J^-jj! lju>s l jja oULp^NI 0_L>-Ij AjiJZ
4 wi-oJU il 4 Li jjjj Ltti-s/5 i^tivsjjjl -Uil jol^Pjij jil^-ij
.qS^jJl ( _ r l>Jl ^^Lp U^ljl ^y>ji 4 aJ j-j>-
oJ>j>«^ j-LJ joLvwjjjl A^^JaJl J jp>- o'y*y.lX~u'yi o_La jl 4_~ssj
4 4jj?lj- LgJL> L^JLp 1 la.: i jl LxJ y^i ^ jJJi jls 4^_gjjl bvjw>j
jj-p 4 wb*J 4 ^yii- Lo jl 4 jJJi ^jA t j ~. SbuJl ^yj-p 4 (jjJl ^j-oj
jl •cSLoj N 4 j*-^ 0 o jjbJl nj . ./o . ll (_$j^j «<*>bsJl ( j^s
36
oU LJ3b ^XJI bbS" /qj .5J j) g *«« 'l j ^j-*,&jJ\ *Xj*i*S/ Oj^j
slilSbJl y& ^js>zSj^o b« LL bXl -L>tj ol bJ ^_>cj 4 JL 3 c o->^j>x-J1 0 Sjt
f. + +
1^4.*., y 2-> Ol oXa yi b3b>~> Lo lil C L*_a 4_*JL^j) b»-LP
^jJJLj ijbw*JJl ^^Jl d->Lpjj-*/?^oJl ll3jb*^« l )^y>x~* ^J 1
« *
t L^J oj_li>- l)IjJ S' 0>t)bobJl oX^J $ jj>e-<Jl ^UaJl <j£-i bXJj
i)\ kj yx..*&.]\ oX_a JjloJ bb? ULlj t b^3 L^p bbS” ( J-i
JLii tj~y?bllll ya 4 J 4j>- 1>- N bi J5 t AjU^JIj ipbU/bb
( ^Xp *j_y2 Jl ^JLIj Jl t j_*_> ^JXl 1 J-A ^3 bJjb>-
C P-b^JX^nJi ^ JP ^»^-Jl L^i Xa-Xo ^j*JLJl ya b^*3 bo ^jXa O-^Lp^y?^ 3
b^ blSbyj b ,4_b^_>tJl Xa_^>*j bg-*3 b«^
3-JL>t)Jl y^ jji ^X t ^XwvJjiJl ^Xll>x>a f ^j ^y*/3A.i bs J+y-y
t b5bb jJ cLU-S y j Jl*-wb ^jJjSbJ j !oJj>J1 j ‘tLJbdl b^J t yj? JJ
A . /3 \ ^ P Aj2-^\Xs 1 ^j2j ) I ^ Xl^^wJ 1 i >»A_A ^ J Lp
0-*-*XJ pbia_P^ iO L sJ>s-^ Nj 4_pb*Jl Jj>*J br^X* jt-X Lfrj 1 j-g-U . j
. Ua>Jlj
37
j\ UP I
c->IS1j.>I ( j^j l } aaj ajLj ^ j-> J->-lj
j \ tikJL<Jl Sjiy-Jl jjl jLJj _ r *_JLj L«Jup c^ys-iJl (Perceptions)
IjjS 4_j jSli ^Jl ctD.i J-*j j-s2l>CC»u UJCP f*j t i_jjCx_oJl Pu-j-lJt o j_L
jj jbiLLJl OlSLgi aJL-I^o jl c (Sensation)
I Jl>I il+aa j U..^. *5\J^ t d^LSl^j&j 0L>*-**Jo OL*SL>e_;
U-^p 0 ^-^-j La ajLp^ » eC L? *y 1 ^>>Lwm.^->LJ o»A_>xJl^ o^JL)! ^j-L>
QQL r . <w Lo. ^ >1 ajL l o- 1 1 l-o-^l La L OOL^-*j L^^aj^p ^jl>-
^j-w>sj Lj| LwU>tJ .il^J La c oL%>eJl ^a <L%9 ^Lp L>»^Pjj-^^a
oJL>sJl ojjjJl o JtA LiLj 01 LXjI OLcJa XaaJ M U^KJj :»l^ j' «o
1 1 -^ « i 4_L>lii c->LSlj.iNI o-La
£, 0 * £. * •**
o ji ^ »jLw»j Ljia-^a-a jjhiji Oj-^j oi *y i jt-g.i ii c ^->-^1
<ol & jj) «/? » 01 j^J c yuiJI OI^Jl OujJL Lo^<q c <u Si
Oj wL^aL^JI J^^-s^x-a iwd^g^J I Ju>*>tj dLL^->«j
* Lw*» L**>- 1 o^-)l 0,j^ ^JJi> *xJ*!
nt 0 ^
c»>lSlj.il JS ^Lp IjjI^" j_~wojJi I.La Jc« ^ > *^ j 01 l^SU-J aj'I j
a £ j->«-i i - .^-c- AjJU-1 <_5-i-Jl Ijl$_j 1 j-^^l (j-A-i-Jl
39
^j£- la b!j .JlbjUl bib ^9 jbl ijl ^jjLSl A- ./j C-
^ o* e- f- ^ p
ULAla a lj j*,f}~ L)jS\j 4 A_b*Ji Lo p. ^ si ^b 4.1 — ^>«_a aJI j^>li
J^_*a2jjl bib ( /j-o Jg_l>-I jl Ibl ^jJ Aj^J^ 4 A^b>^J
^9 jSbj LaJbP J ,[t_~>Jl] JL*jSjN AbL-i>Jl Call j ig . / ? jj lj L j^A’jbJl
lb jbb jlj t ^j-bLoJl cJ^l L*-ljji I ^y> l bb»«J la ,^9j l j-C-lba
( jbsJ_2 ^ (^ba? ^JSl Ipj-^g^a ^A_a [l^J] Abal olj^a j ^bvJ
jl^Jj/l blllj l*ljb ^Ca AC^l Ajjb j-Lj l^_b_*bw»j ^jl jl^J li I
jjSo jl <_5jj jwiJ! ^j-a (.aJ^/jS/I LjlSlj.>J LgJ C-b-ia-AjI
(JjjjHJ ^jjL iJ-jL-a _JjtP b j^Sj jl jl jUt ad! (_£jp /jA a j-a-il
.U^-J
^1 Lbao olbljjl Jb jl c bl b»Jl lb* b_p IbSjw
J_S ^j 9 oJ_><Jlj 0 jjlll ol>-j 9 4 _jjll 9 >-b jljalbj ^_P j-> jl ^j -bb 5
jl (Thoughts) jJal _p- < 1 ^ Lp ^-<>-^wvji3 ^ 0^3 Uo Li l U.^
^1 I 4 J tol5lj^Nl ^y> ^3-S/l ^yJl LJ j .(Ideas) IjlSol
di-ta o'! j-Ls'Sj ^ ^ 1 oL*JJl ^ Nj Lbb N
^jbjJiJI M-b La ( _jL>l j-lS' I J-£ jL ^r-P (b' t_sb jl j-la_L>Nl ^b*J
4LIL l A- > >b 4 _ j j_j a_aLp a_wo_^L ^Jl j \ ^Ip Ja aJ 4 ^j-LvL-Lil
b If- Ua_> I LgC-wo—bJ Lj^>JI Iww-LiSl j^A»«bL9 4blSlj9j|l
aIluji oJl*
<. (Impressions)
^Lbajj/l aJLIL bl <( _5jl>tJl l^Jlo_i«JL^I ( j_C- 4_jjLa>-Nl
jll.4_^>L jl 4, ( j^A>L J I 4.J-/2-J jl 4 £*_vb il 4 0 Lj>" jlSj/l 'jjlbljjl
4ji5bS/i ^j_P 4^1 a LpUslj j/ 1 ^aJ .b j-i jl 4 ^ g “ .". > 40 jbj
LjJu jijiL labp l^L ^jJl o>lS’lj9j/l ^<L> jiS/l
.l»^5"9 Cab j> Jl jl oLaL^g-jJI
f p
< /jjp <U-Sn>^-j
. J-I
'b U 4^ “brb
40
oL~j*>y JjjJjj ijUal~»i cJ-flj *V j-fyi t jL»o^/l jJsU>- ( Vpo JL>cJl
(. * * m
ij j-SL> ijli t ^isl jJlj 4_*_wJaJl J lj_LiLa j-& Jj t JaJLs
aJl^-oJI ^_a15\j i. APJjLo ^pAliiaj V I5v-il I S jj (1)1 J 4 (Jl jj>\ J y~a
A ij J^jlj A^^wJaJl S-Lji'Jl J j ./3~ 5 J^S^A Lg-ilSL> L*-a {jA
J a_J_c- v t J-s»-lj ' ^ tj~-?r > ' 1 ulS l-ijj .U
^y]] j.A2 *l\ ^t-oJ ^Jb LlL«j>o ijl jiaLitJl (jU t ^-**jl ^y> J-g->i^>Jl
& fr fr
^jj| ^jA ^y]j CO^ll Aljj L> ^y]| ( _y^ >_ Jj ^l.a. yj l Jj«j|
c A^ajLp ^yd JJaJ Aj».«lgll (jl (JLL <1+*^- c aJ J->- ^
A^j ^p~J J . JJ -A ~~i (jl (_ll!.i £A ^SLaa 4 AlJI La J 4 Ja3
* *
LajLj Ajli ^yi ^J.A-0 jlS' La Nj p-gJJl 4 jJ^L>Jl jjJJLo ^.C-
.IaUa«
tLjla t LgJ Jl>- "V ^Jl aj^>J.1 sJl*> L ^JsLlJ jl j-Uj ^1 jj
(. aJLLa ,sjJl>- (j-vAj Ai^a>tJl ^yi aJI Lj^-j u > ji ^jt- al . .^soZ Lo l_il
4 S' ^JJl Ajj-^ jjL>*Jj ^ ^yXJl A_*plwL>Vl ojjJLaJl d^La Jal5 (jl_^
^pol^_>tJI Lj La j£ ja ^yljl -il^-aJl ^A ^A-- A ~>c-Xj ' ^| ajLj^JI_J i ij
Jajj ^pP wL>Jj 'j/ LLli < ^y*A^ cJ 1 ^" 0 LJLo ^Ja>aj LaJJLP .Aj
LajkLjLH -Ai_j t ®jJtp>«Jl®_j «i_jfciJl» Li j-^9 L»> J^LJjjLl ^pjJoli /pj
^ylj ^jj>-jJL Lil (^JJj j j *’ /a -'
^pi (_^1 L^-p' ^p) (jl LJ^QnJ 0 C A-l - «,/b A i I j y*^3Zj (jl la. J.V. J
jl^pa (jLj tjL^ai?-L_j .LJ > j j - 1 1 ijl^p>- jAj i ^ja jS j
L>-j|^ .^j-jL>Jl \Ja^L^>-I ^y> _^l ^yL>-|jJl L^wuL^^I ^jA Lai ajcJLa
.L^_p~S jJ j «j_* ^Jr° jj La_Aj^>-_j o^lj^/lj ^j-fcjJl
w^LwiiJI ^«-a -CLail . (To Creep) »**j ( v )
. (^JbeiU A--t jaJI j— *J <uJJI <Lfl3 tJJJJlSj <►
41
y c Ljl5lji1 4_A*-2>I t Ujl^sl ll)j J jiL- 4 <Uj L«Jj
.ois'ljj^l dlb ijj^ I^J LJLpLLuI
(1)Llo s )/I d)lx(>r^*Jl o il)l ^J^°l t i^JJ^ ^Lp
d^-tLS" l ^ ^ ^ t LjjL^jI j! tJ jb\ Lo^ulp -^j-wL^LS"
4.L. r „ c .!l jlSoVl dJUu ^\ L^J 1 L»jli »b*iJ t jl <u5 ^o
jvLJ ^Jl t-iilj ^y~j j\ j jjjL~o ( j- f "
j_*_j bJli 4 ( J_v*’*iM IJ_a I y- o j£j Lo -)-*-;l (_5^J*^ 4 _LajJJ
\$y>- y L«-i 4 4_ljl 0 j£jL2 4 <1/0 I Lo->l L^l jJajJl JJ
C->LU*Jl ^SsjCJl ^jP J-J-v^j t 4ju ^ 4^^S\J>xJ^ 4.Jji*J
4^5o>Jl j <JLv2j>J ^jbj>t^jSVJl jSi\j i i y>t-> llbft jJ
t Jb jj ^_£UJl ^Jl I-L& (jl ♦ dlL
(jj-J 4 ^~ ^-^JwO ^j-& 1-^-, ^ ->cj3JLj Oj-^ 3 bl
*y^ t <u2-^A>tji *y ji i-Lft ol o^j ^jjjji
t <w2j>- jJ 5 juj>-j <laj ^.U Ni |*-$J ^j-^J t oUL’JLb.^^y I ( j-a JL>-
^*P o lLUju I^jL <jl • ^Ja. ■**■«*>
(jl t L^**vw<iJ> ^->e_> <jj 1 :pL» ^j->*-> Lbip . jwb ^L oJ!
.S^iJI dJUj ^jJl ^>Jl l5ljb>L jl ^Ua^l ^
^ m (. f * *
liL«uj d)l tf-LviP-Vl j » j-*ip JJajLi iw^Mj 4 (1jJL>- lil 4 bjljj
^p tsLls _^>-Ip aII L«jI^ J^o Ljlj 4 L« ^oLw«4>-J ( ^Lp Ij^li j»J Lo
(jj I Oj£j (jl 4 J^Loj V ^^p'ilLi 4 ( j»L*^>-Nl (iJJjj 4_dL*J^oJl jl^3*i/l
ij')! ^Lp Lo liU iiZj\j^a)i\ ^p 4 ^-s4>Vl dUISlj .jl /VI jj-p o jiCi
JjJl?- j-y*-* “(J <J J 4 0 jj-*J (1)LJ ( j-^>Jl iJlS Lo-gJwO
4jjJW 3 4jlSLsVl ^y3j j-^° tiLiJlS” <j J 4 4 jLwoL^^|
Lo lil j-o*^l O j&J jjl IAa . CjLp^-s 45 j-«Jl 4iiL j j_*2j
J— S (j^> ^yu j*J 4 ( _ r *>L-^>-l ^1 ojUL <1)15
42
^p o (j\ J ^j^Ji t j^2-*Jl ^^J-p UJ
Id-A JjL« (J- 4 o'V L>- wL>tj jl Jw*-L> ^L5s_) Jj j JJo AjI ^*Pjj .j^OxJi
Jj>-Lp ^a jl IJjI pJ L° ^5 j j^i^.aJl
(^jJ tjJJ^ ^-A (JI^jIjIj ^1 Q-P ^Lw
<dfiL>- I oJ-A ^*j3j ^sA?^oJl Iwi-A ^5 Jj^i L° 4-^3 C A-v*Ja*-
aJ 0 <1)1 oLm*j^/ V aJJ !*-> . k- a>- I La La L^_>1
Ol ^yLI VwJ-flJ ^j£L<*j V c Oj p ^ u aJl ^P j! jll5l ( ^P a j&3
^ <1)1 A-ij) ^ *»*J Aj ^L.*J Lo^J AiljL^Jl J ^.yfl^J
oj-A jL^jl <j*y <> a_lp U j j-s^ i V ^«Ij_5»tJI I j~z*^ clLL<>-> J-i
0 j^s3 Aj J^xj lw>- jJl »w->^-Laj ^ U C t J-4 UJl J^2j j*J
.Ljj ^L^lj jj^JJL, jjA IjS^aJI J)j ^JJI (_y
( j- a 4-5 1 l 5 J_p J-U J-i c A-yg-sijwa o jjkLii' 4_iJLs ciUi £_aj
^j_a L^_LiLa_> L«_c- <lL5Lx_»«_o LJLbj jl jLSo'yi ^^JLp L5-Lia_o Jl_>e_«Jl
oljJ'il jLSLsI ju-Lp oLj aJ j g ... > Lbl J^ g .--p- 1 j . c^Lc-LJa-i*^ 1
tolj^s'yi jLS^I JJJJ15 j\ ‘da-^ljj Lwj Job! (_s^^ t
p ^ p
I4JI L^ ^ . i Lo 4_i ^>L *j 1 ui'iM [LJ|] L^_Lo^iJ
*Vl ju V ol5 olj-S^I LiUi lils c LILIAS’ i^jLLbi
f. m m w
jj-P .Jj>-I jJl 0 j-Ul jJjjLib (_5^ Abp 0^/3
U j^>jI jJj ^j£- ^J^JLw^o oJ-_oJb> 0 j£Ls oJ_a ^y>
Oj2 ^y> Jb5^J3 *y\.«/2.~.a U>~j Jj JjjliUl ^jJju (J I IjJ jL>J C t-lU^
^1 Lj jSJi ♦ AJi-P <j! jJ^I <_5^I L° O J-! (i j-> 3 <1)1
JjNl ^-aLoJ> dl »^jLL>sJI jdsA> c ^g.i a ,^Ai jJ I JjjLajUl
J_» ^j-9 £-4-> 4 & • (Lapland) (&)
e j?*/ 3 -* ^jjj jja 4 o jJLJj j 4 (jLi » — 1 j-p j 4 1 jlJ_L 9 j
,*JLL>— J\ 4jlpJ ^3 4 6*JsL±j&
43
ft ^ 0 0 „ •» 0 0 — •
c-ill UIp JJi lij ^Lj>i^iU t ^“^lj
t^_3jjVl 0 ^Jl!I J^jLaj -^>"1 *Vj t ^LoJLlI ^-Lp ol jJ*yi c-il-Ls^l ^w<*->-
& 0 & 0
4j^A*L; Ja^J j»J 4 \-*j->, A5^L^? jl Ja>cJl 4 jL«-**u j*J t *>\JLo
U ? ^jjjj ^ Lo jr^l (jj-i-ll 1^* L° c o ^JJI cilta
,^-> jJcS\ wLlP _s~** ^jl ^-s^l^Jl -o-9 t l^->*JL3l ^Jl Lg-l$jl ^.o
^s l ^ ^ ^3 Lla j*S I o <u->jJ iil—*— ^-vs>«-^w*< Lo-S* t L^?Lj iwJ>L*Jl
t 4 jlL*>k-4 ^L^lpL) t jlS ULp- <jL**l . j>~\
J-jjJjJl dU^ o j-^S o 1 j c I Ju_A j-o— ^_j jl
& & 0 ^
jl Ajcs\ .J3 IjjI <-L^>«j 4-»l j ^5* ^»pj t
— j, y 0
jl I 4 a Li lLLL Oj^. 4ij .jXL IjjI-s *jj (j^LJI o ^ 3 * 1
olpLla i jf I ( j» aJ L oJLw^a <JL>- j L*jl.i C-^—J ^]a.ttt,t]\ jl^aVl
j/ ilSj ij~>*j ejjUl ^ ^A JUJl oJlA ( ^£jj .l-g-J LijUa^Jl
LjJLff’li <. Jais LgJL>-l ^j-o t JjlJ jl V L I g Ja •*-*^ j jl
.aJoL*JI
c JaA9 aJ j2jv> j 4la....j Lgjli Jl?- ^ jJLJ j? 4. ./i* lil <_£.5 ^yA
* " t "
L^vwoJ 1 ( ^j-^ J jJ l)^ d.^.P lia.l*.A) I L^JLo-^JLwcI ^.^>-1 Lo ci^
Cj jia..« LJliaJ ^jlil illls^Jl jJllj J5” JL<tJ jlj c JajJI ^1 Ilj~»
4jl5\ij/l JJo t l^-X-fri-oo LJllaJj i_4jJ^ljLwoJl o'^'^JUU.iNl
Lg_J_P Zj-A JJJ ! A_v2aLp ^-JaJL 0 4 l“^J^ > °J ^Ar^oJl
jL5js*i/l jj-o La j-^j<-> [LlLLp] 1 a I * >eJ JLs tJ-jj-A jH jllo Jl .*i
jiJj jl5 jij tJ^LaJj/l ^jA Jiil LI jIjG L»J Up-j tLgjlLxJl
* 0 p
,«iJL>i^o 0 j£jl) UflLjjl <j jl Ljlj toLjLaJ ^w^oj ^— *->
( _J-Jf' t OLpI . la i*bfl ( ^ t w*_>- jli t jJJi ( J_ a (J^LxJl (_yl-P J
jl Lo-S’ ;<ob>-j aj jJ l a_JlJ»- I jlJ I jl Lgjwo 4_^?-jL>tJI t oLwaL—A-^/l
.LgjLi Uaj-Jlj JaJlxJl ^3 £ji jJl *V ILo t^jl I g » . i ijJb>jl
44
Lo L^L~«i3 Llfl a.) <1)1 ^3 jJl LlL>>IUJ LaJ-L*3 L liUJj
U-P L 4 jU (4J j *a>- o J&l [li')l oil y>\ jJHj) to j $^5 j\ (J jjJUo
Sj^aJI ciUL* o^Ji jl ^ yJu (^JJl ^LJaj*iII j 1
LiLc-l [UgJ lj i .,->/<] qUI . ] g i^fl Jjl u~~*" ^ l-sls t ajl« 4jio O a
O-J Jl lj_A O-JtJ jLSsj'yi Lo»-I^JjO»'lj lolj t Lo_i j j-> j-y> tiLJi
ji i-o y*j3s>- ^aL>tX]l JJojj *-^ j^*-i i ^JsL-Jl
( 1 ),
^ZA-AP^J [jISo^I lillj] J
jLSoS /1 ^y* 1 jJ^aAi_ ^ kj jha}\ jlSlsS/l \j^j\ OuJj! tl)^ J-O ( 1 )
JaLaJ'^l ]l '—^1 ^.pNI ^jA AjN oJl jJj 4 L_iLp-L-Ia-jl ^jA <^ 5 -®“ 3o->).
^LJl 4-i l *3u ji Lo] J5 I y* y~t u5 ~>- j ^- 1 .j-o ^yiSL L»j jlj L* j-L*a^>I
L-ojJ 4 li^l ^0 ^JaA.)l jlS jls ^iaiiU 2 Lo . 5 ! I ^q^aJa J y>- IkjLl [^»
D^-X>CJ ^-Ul <j\S Lq.^ iO 4 <Uju.Jp j\ 4 j j\o$ ^A 0jl^dl_j 6L 61
1^1 Lol .(^ jL>- y-A L»_» j\ ^yP-LJxs^l y-A L>j ji\ 6 i-j^JLo j*S> yA L*-» 4jJLLL«*j frl 4 ^A^-JiLl
j! <_5-9 4 _®>L>- j .(JjbLl LgjLpL^- j-^~ t Lo^LJ. \ j^?\aa 6LT Lo ^jJg-a J L AjjI Lo
61 aJIs kiL^ t^y yiy .®Jjo jl _jl LjL ^0 |J^J c !_Lj i y^'
^ULo ^ yj££ '. a jS* y i] jJ JllP |jL>- a - /*>a Uf ^ 0 “^*“3^ ® 4.1a. aJ
(jli 4 ^IaII IJa LJLj Lo lilj LoNLlAjI jl LjL^>LwJ>-l y\ Ljl5lj^l ^jA
^jy> ^1 j^-ll jl jIliaiL ^ j-Jl jl L^lJJl L)L jl 31 /^5 Loj Lo s_5^pI L)1 ^ k— « j^ jl
^ <u C.«..'>M I ..J 4
40 j*-*a Lo>ji ^ oLc-Liaj'^1 ! ^j-jjl-Ail ^jL* LJL>-I Lo Lol
61 l g : ^L>, LjbSLol ^ ^ 6^" ^y-^A UL^I 6L> Lo ^jJajjJl ^ja 1 ,'..<> g a°>
. 4j jiaJ Ljl^ftl 6}j t 4 j Jas> Ljlp-Liajl $ 6} <J yA>
<JL>-jj _Vi ^ i) jJ 6L> 4_il jJLP^ I ^j_o J, dS%$ 4 L4 j-*u5» 6 ^j^>-y
^jA y-*'>- i jJUa.1>.^]j I jJlial *La3 4 L ^ yi jAJ *)} LiaLaJl 6 ^-L>-a^v%o
wa6Jl 16 a ^jjiAy ^oLjiJ'^I 1-La -J^-o ^_^_> L»oLS”_^ 31 Oy^
-o jJ> ^y ‘{jJ? y ll IJa ^ \1a (Circumlocution) 6ljj-3l_?
45
i <aJ \ L°Ip o j*a .. i bcloJL* JJs IS| 4 j?-')l\j
Oj-Ul jOjIaj Oa>-l N| t ^LoJJl ^Lp jljJ'^l ^-iLw?! ^w«_?-
t, * $. *
Aj^lslj jiUI ia..,- .tJ 4 Lo jj ol Jx>J! 4 .a »->~j j*J i.'^Xa
It 4 lo ^ 3 ! ^»iJl 1 -La 1 op U 4 o jJJI ilLb
5i ^ AlJl OXP 4j| 1 / j .* 3 4 L^->OJii LgX5oi
^3 l.^JO* .illXA j^51 0^5-> *Lo jJ 43Lw~*j 1*5 4 U^Lj 4^sjL*Jl
4 <J ^zJl <clL5c-4 .^Lo*pL> 4 4jLfs»*j o5 bl L*»p b| cJLvkI . ^>-1 {*-*■/? ja
<j^-> ^LJl <5Lb o^ 5L3 olj 4 >LwaJ 1 l-X-A *__> ol
Ol Jj£j> 1 ^jA Lb I 4*Jl ,*J A-«j 1^>- o ^5 ^jP j 4
ol ^Lp lO-ALi dlta Oj£j -Xij *5J»ta ^Lp L*^ ^LJI
* * p
qq IpL^ l^ j^y ' ^jA 0iX o .MA.fl ^J5 ^ U-ib 4 ^. ».-*»*.] v-aJ 1 I
'y jl£j 4 ^«..>ej ojjjjl ^j-^° ^__5^ (Jl->wl ojLA .VgJ AiLllxaJl
Lj_lpli 4 JaJLi LgJU-l 4 <J J_J <j! J V ^Jkj 4 Ifl-la ol
. 4 ^UJ|
4 JaJb <U jjL*»j a] a.y,~) LgJta Jj»- ^j3 jXJ ^ K^.jsl IS! ^yjfc
Oa^)4>-L^^J! j 3 ol d.- pLL ? *.*..! |—^>-! Lo ta!
^Lp o ^ lx— - LaJUaJ ijUajp! ciUj .J5 Jato olj 4 JJUJI ^yJl
Lo-y^Nj 4jl5oSll j J^i c : j x.. LaJLkJj i^aj^sl^Jl o'V^Ijlu.'VI
^-/o 1 ^ ■ i-p • ^-^-*!-p la lo < L^-^5 oa
jLSoS/l jj^a [jt>j^. J <_1 [L-Jl_p] ia I lj*J jJ ( _ s -g-9 V} jl ,W 1 ..
tiJJi olS’ jJj iJaujJ'bll ^y> i iaj U jlJJ LoJUPj t-ijjLiOl
.0iJj>tjj 0 ^SnJ3j U?UJjI 4 J ( J^t)o (j! J^O- 1 iOU i ollA^J
a- ^Jwp| t CaLpl ■ la. 1 ^ I ^w>_>- ijL® 4 dU.1 i_y^-^'0
<jl L*^ t o^U>-j o jJ 4 a_Jl>-IjJI jl L^J-a 1 oL~al_^>-^ll
.LfiLi ^ UajJlj Jxl*J! ^ jJl jjO~i t lg-~> Jl
44
1^ ^ ^ 1( t t
j-OU Lo CjLdi 1.1a, e.} o 1 4 i j}\ Ul^IjJ L°AL*j
w ^ ft fi.
LJlp .j^jCj <j La (aJj^2j>- o^iSsJ lliN CjL j^I j-«>_j) 1 o j5Ls jl JjJ-Xa
2 ^£aJI >JJj tS* 4 ^ Q ; fa >*^H 0
fr ft ^
IOjLp! [^L^J I jO «/2.d 1 Ip L k> 1 J ^JLLa 1 i O 4A»«< t »a
* y*/* ll l^i-A C^j>cJ jl£A f ! Uj>4 j JjLw*>L LXjli i Lu-o J j-l j-y> ^i-P' cLLta
U> •» £.
_xi 4_a J ..fjV- ^-a ^aijSxJl ,J~aJ>J *-^ 4_*Jl_~a j— *-> ^j.la" ... i t ^faLdl
(1>
l^; j..,g>- j [jlSo*yi dLL] 4j(~ fa ij
jl5\3 v }/l 0_^5 I jJ*~s2.iij i Aj jla aII /jjJJI wiilJjl 01 jJLj (0
JpLaJVI I Jj-J^L^ ^ p-^lj ^il yLP^I ^ JLjM aJI jj j iLjLpLiaJl j_a £_~J UOl
A~i £-Aj ui L«] 1 jijl J L^JLn 3 Jj ^ji-l ^Jj9 ^0$0 Lw La
LfaajJ (. ug A. J .Jg.U Uil y* <_£ ^ia_dJl 015 jU yk a J L* L» 1} 1 p_$^A-La J y>~ Uai-1 [^
o^-U>xj ^£jJl ^^.*11 015 l-*-^ 4 < V^r^ s> Aj^ia3 olSIj^l J5 0L *> 01
1^| Lai .(_Jj^" Lw _^l ^^pLia-w^l Lo«j j\ 4 <k_3 ^jLa j-^ - _J-A LaJ aOjLL^j ftl^— >i 4 ^y*.»<la,L)
01 ^ LaLs-J *V J .(JjLi-\ Ljr 9 l.g-~-frl — «■ ^_J>- ^A-3 4 Li^^Li. I ^_v5>L*_a 015 La (j£ J la 4 . 1 L Jj jl La
0i jX-» AjU OiJS Jyj .oJl^j ji A*_a jl L*jJj>» I-Lj { J-A i j£jc}\ ^ 0L^>«-0
(^1 ^»Lla ^ ycj> \ o ii jJ -Xfap l-fa>- ^*“3^ *(Idea) s ^5Ls» <]ajjJ
(0[5 t^yijdi iJL® LJo 3 La ISJj .Lj j]?\ jj>- JtlJJLS^j LjNL^jjjI j\ LjL- 1 — =>0 jl LuiL5lji|
t 'jyi ^1 ^ 0L jIjiNl a*i*j 0^ 0"^"^ ^° <~^f' j\
^ Aj ^]s23 >^i-»s-« • 1 t 1
Lfaaui ^JJI ^ixil jlS^Mlj w^Lp LJa _)N I *. ^^jLa L0>-l La Lai
01 L^ I . g ’Lxo LjJ^al 4 ^jL*v ^LJa_)l ^1 ^j£- UUol 0L5 La ^^. la jfljl /j-a $
.Aj jia*9 LjKsI Ojj t Aj jia3 LjULkl ^5 0}
JL^-^J ^J_>i_jI -L3 ^5-jIj ol^j OLj ^_sl ^j-A ^ wL»tA3 (. L^ j-*0 0j5l ^L>-j
^jA ^-^La j„/a >• I jji ia . T .> w l j I^JLLl -faA3 4 l^A N LlsLaJl 0 ^-Lo-^JL^j l^ J LS' ll ^>ijlJkll
4-30JI lO-A ^-iL^JNl l0_A ^J-L^a ^_0-J Lo-jLS"_J . J_w2_iJl d-^- ’ I*XjI l^_*_fl_j 01 O^J-i
.6 ^ j ^11 IJLa ^ <J j-JLaJI 1-La d->NNJid-l (Circumlocution) Oljj-dl j
45
j l P- '« Vi
jJsl jJ~ ^ ( Connexion) iajl y I-La ^ <ol
S^ULU La j (_$a) jLSoNlj o-La jlj tojLSCsI jl ^aJlII
tlr 0 ^ 4Jl__j l jA La jjj* ^^Lp ^jl ^-’ ^ <4J i jl
(_^l oLi t bJjj jl Li jy^Aj JaxJI £-^>1 ja (_$jJ Li I JsjAtLoJl
La oLp j-a i(_£.iL*Jl l.g 1 .«1,...~ j\ ^3 -Aa 4— a j ■A > a o
£A (_£0_A <^-Lp L- 1 -a ^X-aI La 1^1 ^X>- Lol ,0-0X0 L^_i
ol j-Ss-aJI (_$JU Jj>tj i 1 g a j ^j-P *>lsAft t Ll^>-I jjb Jwoljjb
ia-)l ciJ-ta oLS^ IojJ^ i ^\, a $-> (JLj>cJ|
oUjIp^ji cj jJ oju c ^is
lo ^_U l g «ft -L>-l jJl j-*Jl Lfe l yg ft I
tf* w p
jl t LoLp Jajl^Jl 1 -La oL£ LaJx>- i i^IxSLa-i 4J! j»l .IgjlftOj ^-ilX>sA
<LL- vJ_a ^j£- l ^tASLJl [JsLJji] J--A- ^23 (_£-iJl ^jazataX J l j)J v_jLxSLj
£^_- sA ^-A /^-P LjO-X-0 LjO-A 4_J0_*_il^ aJLa 4a- 2-A- OOjlo ^^.^xJl jl_^_3*yi
a- ^Xj ol I-X— a- t ajl\sa>c-<^} 1 xoLa_1 J1 j 3 ,aJoLa*-»JI
tjLSLs'^l ^jS- JaLaISII ol Oa-Ij jl JaLJjI ^y-il
* * } <* ** » p
(Jj-J Is \^*/fAJ C-^jl >TLJ '^Ka£ <• l^-S* l^Jwvil tj-Pj
47
UJI jlio^l Ol L*
jJ Jjj (^OJl ^I-^Jl 1-O^oJl iw— 1 4 ^*2-*-*J l *-> 4 J ^*0 C« ^ 15
£j^' t/ ^j—
^ Lo ^*^0 £-^- j -^-9 <ujJ-^->«-^J ! jLSoNl J^LojI ol ^S'jj
^jji 4^w«tA-aJl f ^A (j£jl N ^jL$ ^ 4-i2j>“*^l_<Jl ^jS' (OJ-J (1)1 4-*-* 4_L^_o_>
J^S\j ji^>~ *(\y^ y yj • ^ g a «**&,') j\ ^pIjjJI <JjL>-
y~> t jjJJ IS^^° ^ v^j Ja-is ‘Uj 4jI j_gJsaj 4 JL 3 j->*
uLS^Jlj <L)L°jJ! cr® 4 ^ 4jLjLJI ^_aj 4jlSL$'yi
4 J! N L* 4 jlSoNl yj Jaj ^JJ £c-L*^j oSjb ol
<i .J l-s^VI ^Jj ^.JaJL* Ujl£jl Jw<k->o ej^ A^aJ I3 4 4 _> lii » h *»,i
i_s j_*Jl ( j-P 0->-l>iJ! jl <Jlj-~Jl ^jJ] j-C’-L; °-d?-lj
p ^ (
01 (j-t- j^jixJl 1 s la “ — i N .il£j LjLs t L>-^f j^"jj La-LLC'j
^ 4 tf* p
tLoj lljfc j_y^j jl jr^J •(*-l'^l j- 4 A -‘*- > *-l 1-° t _0i (ij-^-r!
Ji 1° dll ii t ^pIjuU jj J>- 1 ^Lo 4 «>■*■* j> ^ t i*j ^-J Ail j
p A
l. c . y g^j Lkj ( _5~ ;> " jl t^£jL5Jl -'—■'■“N 1 ^yip 1 j^Sj
jl t (JL>*_3| fij_A ^JJL/0 A_j^_p L« . LC^1_>1
1 Jsu^j (_^jJl l-A~<jl jJj>c . j j!j 1 0 aILoI ^a-iigii
^vajl Ij^oJI dlli j! *. — a_9 jJo Nl j t L^. ■ ., 1 Lo jlSlsjll
j jii\ SJj SjJljcJ. 1 LjJL»^> <3L«Jl i__ Curiosity SjLc- (®)
. &~*^**tj j>-\ t j>- \jjbj 1 1 'j - ■?( ojl^S .
.Resemblance (1)
.Contiguity (2)
. Cause and Effect (3)
48
La jji l _yLc-J t ‘tlia'ill a jji ^ ^ (•‘C' 4 -*"’
LaL/2J>-j l)L 4Jiljl ./?>*-) La Oj£j t Lfrjr d ^3 j_b»«Jl jV 0 (J-Lj
.J^iLL ^\3 «-L/i^4 jJ& l^LLlaVl 4JL»_>- <U9 L j^pl ^-Lll
jb>- Ukjj 4jL$\Jj J^LJjl La»I j^s JjliJli (4)
t ^-*^1 L^J^l cLIIaI ol-^Lvi^ o[& y> Jj>-j y* ^y 3 jr*i ^
bZy^j a U y* o iiiJj <. a5^>Va 4r- ^
49
ju)j) JusiJ)
jdl lIjIjlU-C (jic «Ljl-Uj ill J)^— ><u
JjSlI
I cIjLp J 5j lUj Lp y-P ^5" *-)j
KjlSssSfl tJL-jlStAp^ *. Lo-A ^j+j£*p ^1 <jl L^^oj
j_wj«Jlj ‘U»J„', g.'l j> j_Lc- o j-Pj Jj'yi v--^ '- -,/g.ll ^^Jli c (*^5l_s jJl®j
jl j_a> jly 1 J5 ijUss^Lj t (Arithmetic) ULi?UJjS/lj
A~*sOL 2 J L**wO y yj| y )) (jli (, y_yi (jl> yjl J
A^^kj j .,<0 J ijlj l (JlSs^XA) aTA yo yP
11 a y LLAi jlj .jIJlpSII uJla yo iiMc- yp (fyJ*)^ ^Jua J
ySl il*J Lo _y y» (Thought) ly~Jl Ju^L ^ ^yJl
i y ^JlLo *y j a yl.i -ii-9 Jl>-j-j y 4-ii yPjj *<j J-SsJl ^y Ju>-j-> L»-o
•A-lisL?- Jj'ill ^Jj ^J.la~.» y^JcU^j I^vIp y*y yJl <ylfc>Jl oU A^ — . la j I
.l$I*|jb J
yJl jl OJui-l j! 4-*jl jJl jl ^*jli (5;?)
coIjL->Jl 1 o yj UJl oljLyJl /yo p-L*-> U5 tMatter(s) of Fact ojL_p *bN
. p>- ^Jl 4-*JUl ^Ly- ^yP L l(J-3 ly**> V ^vJ>tJ Lfc ll**0 OjjbUl
51
.^jLlII jr-j-v^ j-oJI ^Jl ^olijJl Lolj
\ ^ £ A t UJlLP l ^ y A . fl.>- 4-&l-Lj LM U5 C 4_>- jjl ^ ,) 4_3 Jji C.,yy-' I
^Ij oaev Jy5” ( jy«S\jO l^»JJiJ L»J Ajc^Jp JyS p C-J«Ju
“ t # •<
jyAjJl ^»taU>j p^LlsLo 4_LP ^jpJo jl ^jj-Lao jl ^»lj>La p LiSLo_a J Jaj
j!5 ( ^->JlUI ■j-.^.xJlj Jl [lj-A ^iljJI o-ijxJl ^-^p] j
0 -
j~+> ^ 1 M <1)1-9 4 ^JI^JL ^*-P (jLS* L*^J 0 J ^ «u3«J
jl A^wili lo«0 JS\ N J aJ jjbco J-Aj ^ Wt3
p ^ 0 p
. l^.^lg,>- ^Ip a^a jJl <JjL>o <1)1 ^9 taj .I-Ajp L^jL
# p
^<23 u5^I j ^* ~~*** ^ ajl1s> L>- LL> La 15“ Lo \
f. *
.Jl-s ^auJJ
oj-A A^wJs JJjL>cJ 01 ^LoJLaN L I^jJL>- Lp j^L> j_o lil Oj£-> -O
t ^ilj p2jJL>- jjl jj-^j l _ s -Lo ^jj>-j c?l dr 4 C^'^"^ 4 aaI-LJI
• Lj j £ li oUijjlSxa Jl P Lw4 je»tJ 4 jj J yg>iJl ol g .tJl ^y> -L*jI La
> 0 p
^j-o 1 J-g-> LjL_*J\ vji^oLS Lo MJLs aJIJ 4 ol Lo^Sj
LlJ oLi OAJjJj ^ jw^_^Jl jl ^^oIjLSJI t\ j-+*> 4 a 4-w«J .D 1
0 p
IjjJ^a jjjJl /^a JjxJ Ji t^L^Jl jj^APxXll iJlA l^l*-iLla (_5»)J Utlk^-lj
,<L>-j_o N j J-J^> Oji jj- 4 10 c^JjjjJl sJl* i _j-L < ' LXaJLAl J-l-S
p LJ j -,< o? a . Lao o-Loia Ljo-Lki-lj sJla LlS” j^Lji L)i jrr~t (J- 1
JLa^l J5 <uJL La_&j l 4 aL3Ij ^v— J— olLaP J^a ^y3 jAj Laoj
c Oj£j /J tiooL*Jl 4 jL-JuLJI » i j-p (^1 p_iLLxSl o^ -j-: 5 "
[j»jJaj] iJjL>ta ^yip li?- o^UJL5 j jSwa Jo t l^J UsLp-J tj-lil La ^yi
. JJ ja <uLp (_yi»^P Lao> j_^aj>Jj ^j'j J-a5l Oj£j
1,-jjJ U oU Reasoning IJ^f- tLiL- <.La>U lo?- j, : J-L*Jl JUj-J (-$-)
.J\je_oMl ijUo
52
^Lp ^JL» IjuNNujl^I ol j-Lo
^Jl (1)1 oJjk <Ua-^*>ljj ^1 £(Jj^jL*JIj 1
U-P L +j£L>v-*Si d)l **LU (1)LS ^JLs t LL«;i y^ J LLj j£\* AAIJIj
c, * g. a
^ ‘uSj-LmS’ jl b>bLa [jj&*jJ 0^5” 4 l^P 4_31 p jjb A^slj ^Jts<aj
3 ) o>MvJ 1 li-XA^ C s 1 - 1^ * 1 (. -3^ * •** ^ (• LaaaJ ^3 ^^3 Aj 1 ^1 C L -^1 * ll
AjIjI jJU 4JL)L«u A-2 j-X-A j\ c <U-* L&L^_Lj iJL^uj ! ^ j_>-l 4_*Jilj ,^2»*3
aJ| ^1 ^X_P jl Aj j-Xj A_pLwo ^Xs' jv-AJ^-I jJLP Lo blj * A-*_>jL-Jl~a j
fr •*♦►*• ■'^ I # •* 1 ^
^*»Ul Lo J ^3 <Uj (1)1^ 4_;i AJU caJI^ i y ^ J iSy>-\
jSj AjLs jJLi 4jLl*lLi bjNN-U^I £~»->- ijj .0^jJ>nJl cLUj
t l» ^
*ULojl a^j 4 JI t Ijli U*1 j-^1 LaU jJJ3j t Ajc^JaJ 1 fiJ-A
Jajjj U A^j /j S *j |»J y!j .L$1 a 4j>xLLL*w^Jl A*3l jJij ALA I ^Jl A-Ol ^Jl
* * * *
\Xjy+ & b^«5 > jj 4_o_Llajl ^3 LlpL^*^ q\ . Ljla ^ Lljlv *»^ \ t Lo>^-Lo
„ f. * ¥
1 . S o3a 0^ ?btj .La [ y2J>^u>i 2y>-J U *)S yS ^ ySLXA Lo^^S”^
i«d ^1 <Ml j j3J)/1 o <w) jUI ^ [J^ULI f*^lj
lJ_a Cj'^ n i/-U-^NI J-*J 4j 4ia*J I^ jNj
oj^i olj t <J t il ii*A-P U->' LiA->-jJ ^J.^— aJl
s-^yjz}\j ojl ^pjli 4 <U~>1^»- j\ a j-il a t OwU^j jl Ll ^T® ( _5- a
.jj *-*)! I < 3 1 j j?uj t jHU 31 jjl
4a1.lJI 3LL <*-* — y? (J y>- U a . is
bJ ^-.^j oLS^ ^ 3^° ^ AojJ 4 bJ as jj
.(J JJ«jL»Jlj
(jjl A_aL*Jl 3- 3 g i 1 AjljLa— > ^1 ^-^bj
4(Jljj>-'Vl ^y> <Jb>- 4 J^?.j^J AS*ib*Jl OwL* is (jl ! <-bbiX^Ail
4iajiL lj jbj J yA° <iailj oju Effect ojl^P ljb«^ Ji (^;I-)
53
Jj>*j Lo-Xxp aj LLS bioj b$->jo ^ aJ^ oj'V ^ J juwl aIs-w*!
l 1 jj\ Lla^l jj L^JwO Lo ^-9 aIsjI^JLo A^y> y^L^A O- 1 i_P y-^ yA (J? I <1)1
t " t *
^jjl Lo (3 j)5 O^IjOa!!^ JJi*Jl £^JaJb jl ob^u^ bo b»~0
* * *
4_x>s^j t L^U^j <u_bp IOjO^- olS* La tal c Alii ! ^»bJl
«* £ f ** t
111 ol t <jpl 015 jJj l Abb>«Jl aJL^L?-- ^2->t3 a]zu*\ yj
i yA [a c olS bo ajL 3 c wiiJ-iSj .aI^pIa^j ajL^I ^ja
^t-XAwwvj t<Jbo^ ^-j I ^Jip Ajl^-Jl oi-olS" oS AdbL*Jl ajLSsJLo ol
Ojl J>- CjA'J ^ ^ ^ j~*A ol AjI AA*3 bbO J) *bjl ^]y ^ <j
^xJl Ob-s^b>Jl A-ia_w«l jj ^aO-Ssj N . aS j^s-> Ol J^boj Lfjl jbJl
jU'Nl ( yS' V j t aJLsXo! ^Jl s^L^/I ^.p c ^»I^>JlJ ao> j g k >
w ^ ^ t
(^1 y> ol t aj^j>oJI
^ X «-vw* />— !^j_ ^ LJaaJ y **)l • A*jP
.£>1 y^\ y j_obj _^L*a!| ^ y >- jJb J^bo
c aj j_>oJu LojIj t ^Lw^*yi oi
^ (,
^Jg-X-lLj L-^J <► L^ |>_L«..nO Ol , ^jA O A I_vA3
Lo^y t U L«L<>j aJ y^j>xA U oolS l^jl J-X-!
Loj ^OjJl j^p ^^JJa^Jl j^>c_*Jl a l ^ '.pL*» a^ 9 O bo (_s*j ‘j 1
aJ 1 j- 0 j-i J>L?- ^Jl ^j-a I jj8_Lill5 t L^wO ^y>t-i jl
i, * f.
L^l IOjI ^wAaXsJL^Ij ^J 4»jLi t^L^-wJaJl aa-^*-.L>L1 Lj a ^ ^ja ojj>
^p L<>-aIwX^-) c 11wLoL*_> i I a g ^ ^ I a> 3^L> ob5 j*^c^a
Lo-^_^-Lp 1 * la , Lo I^J A^ojL 5 _o oLjJ — > N ty- 4 -^ (_5^ ^
A-^-*»3l o«-Ow*— t y&j 1 0»^ 1 O^ - ^ I O b ^ _*.b>^w>J 1 ^Ji . b»o l^ -
-0>- 1 ^ba .i; jj>odb w3 jAj V iA^-JaJl ^5 A» Ip ^ j>ij Lou
bfl-JOX^J <1)1 bo. ^ A-o^b>- ^1 t ^OjbJl jb>t-Ajl <1)1
U N jxa^ o'! b^ jAsI bo I^U t j>«-bl l-b* • < 4"M ^dsu^l yj
bJli i, A^l^oJl ^Ij^Sll ZjA Aj 1 > AOj oJAA >5 aJI /^»Aj
54
aJ1 ^JJl j^-a *aj j>^}\ ^]1 aJlJJj L*3 j*j* Ax^La-a <■»,* »i,o
f^ljjJ ^~>J1 ji «^_. ^j«a~va>i J 4_~~a as j*j> Jwvaiji)! J jJjJl t*ilL*j
? ^«jJl jl t j' 1 j>\j
^*wA-> 6 j-iij (_£*J L^J ^*)-o ^ -L* l^.^P 4jLol>iJi o-La
L) ig- Lj Jjl 4 L»Lui-ll aU-L^-L jj-L*JLi LoJj_fr aaIj >1
Lg-il L_J> j)Ls!j <• Ax-^JaJl <_£ yyj La JlS^ ^LjjJl sJjXJ) 4 pJLxJl
J — aJ J3 .t-ljA>-jU JjA>" 1 % j> (jj ^ 4aL^iS/l aZ-’L-s^’L?- i^Ja^a
JJLxj! i^t-ao Ja^LLoJl oj-A LjjJLxSl -U> U1 JlJ-w (1)1
j jJL Ji LLlj j»JL*J 1 l-L® ^l aL>rj L_j! LJl ( ^~s>C3 J j>*z}\ Oji j^a
5jJ a5 j>\ Jl j j-aJL^ 3jS 1)1 L>>t)i)jL^al ajIjJI ^y>
aL’J.sxjl J j..^ >- jJaJUJ jl ^yJl aj>-L>cj ^SLl j»J LJl J 4 Lg-*JJU <_£ ji>-i
LaJl~>- Ifal ! coLxJl jj\ J^^L alU-LS* . a] jv - /? > ^j ^-^aj ^i>-
^&J>CJ La-ilj a JaJLs ^^R-^JaJl LJ_^p>- ^Jajuj N L^-ili AA^SJa 0 ~j’(S
^s L$ :c- L-a j jSij t aLL — _j t L^-iN t l^J N 1)1 1 1 ^ ....> ;
.L^jlialLva ^-vAS!
iljj l)Li LlpLasN a^sLS" a_jiNI aiAjJ«LUl J jJLj jl*j
4 Aj jA»c)JL (_j Lajj 4a-LjJ-aJ OjJu JL*-Sl £waa>-J Ax^iajl
AljXJta-i ^ 1 1)1 L_JJ L_^-UaJj 4 a-L^VI /^-a a^J) i^l Lv-JlP ^<3 ^JtJL
C — jl $ 4 AjLjUJI LoLia_?-!)La 4_*_?-l jJ> 1 ) Ji ^^-a 4 AJLP ^cJJw^sa (_>JJl
1)1 ^j_a aJ Jj')/ ^1^1 LoaLa 1)1 J^j*s»lU 4_i—^ 4^
^ w ^ f-
/j-aj .<J N J ju3j1 I Jjji ^Jl A^»Ju La C_L?- jL>a)0 1)1 jl ^i>tj
^ ^ p tf fca t
/^-a-S 4 l.,-s^ ? - l L>- La-5\J>tJ J j-^-j Jl aJ J— ij/ J?LwJL^aN 1 IJlA Jl ^c-sAa'^Jl
Jb>Jl oJ-A Jj-*_i^»Jl J->cj Jl 1 _X_j 1 J^aJJI /^^aJo Jl jL>i_aJl
J j*JL*j\ Jl aiJJ.i .(^~JuJlj aiJJJJ (jii La_g_a 4 Lwi ^^1
^ A A A
Jl JUjU L* J AJ>jLa-i J/ aJ| J 4jLal5 lijjj-l (_wJUl ^jS- (^jJcA>iaA
4_iL>tA vj)J Ja»- aJ 01 jijUJl a jS ^ ^1 <6 j > Jli 4 1 Ju l aJ
55
o.Lft ^ 5 jS ^ LS iJl l y& LoLoJ
4 _J-L*_« 4 _*_la-S jl I o) .^li-Jl (j-« o jL^l i^L;
Lj j^pI L° taj ^j 50 _j ^ ^iJ -iaA>»j 4 J^l>- (jjl iJ^bj aI^^JI
iS' j>- a ^SL 9 La~« . 1 g -*. /> ll Ij.* A_JlP L° 4 _«J J^j 4 Ll L j
6 j_So jJj_) Lo_» jZS I 4 (jjL*_«Jl Ao*-laJ jl jj>B^sJl ( _ J i 4 jjL^yi j->«J
.U^J <^-l gjl jl y>u ZS j>-
oiol^Lp-jll Lo N yxJL * > Ajjj>eJb> jl |W» <4 iSM J L-o J jl (jl I ^
-bV dUj^ 4 Aj ^»- l ^ ^ 4 l> A> - 4 Lo^>ro Aja-Jbb»>u LojI 4 A^xJaJl
■LmJJ (j j j * n . tf . 0 .. • ■ .■’*.. I 1 j ., {2 ' | C) fcXj I A yP ^ j^Ljjjl y~ b*— > (j S
( J-«-P ^-P 4_-JjIj (jl yA y>-\ l^yX-Aja Jjl £b_*oJ 4 >MI ^jJl L«-A-b>-l
i La b- 4_^ J i — ■ *—} 6 ^5 j 3 1 LsOtbjuP A 1 1 > 1 I ^
(j! Li> J-P ^ jJao>- 1^1 ( _ J -b>- 4^ jj->cj *>Lil 4 jJ>-l 0^5 jO>*J
4 (_^^>-^Aj L»_aI Jj>-I jl I ft g • oLajj Aj^Jo (j^.$sj iolijl 6 j^>Jl &S y>-
lLUJ^ ( j-p ^*->t_b> (jl 4jJJ-L? Ljj^Loj j_;Livo ajlo ijl JJ../3 jl jl
N I ?(_jJJa^> o j^L^i JL?xj oU >JI oIjLa i_5^*a (jl jjjtj N I ?4_~ww>Jl
(jl jl — ' » ^ Jjj j y>H
ei_A J-S' jl ?(_£ jJ>-l jl [ j-^“i] ia3- (^1 ^1 4_jLiJl o j-SCJl
>
Ows~J (_5-*J LjJ-« o-l^>-lj ( J_ s AAj jjb 4 o j j ~gZ. aj O L*J> I jlS N I
aJLLaJi Lb'y'yjjLMni oi ? ij y^j *y j «l^lji y* aal>-j _^s"i
. ^L^-sA34i2-j I 1 jjfc yp llj l ' (j! LoLttJ 6^J^-l_p (j y^Z~*Ji
4_iii>t/» tijJj>- jjSs (J yxJU) (jl 4 a_L>-lj A^Jl^ ^ 4 IjI (J y3&~*
L»»b-P^ . 1 ..... Il ^ yd m k ^2 AJLP l j ,t. ^ 1 j) | A^c^wwj lj ^5 t *- f * y-P
N (jU 4 LJL-i A_1 ?LjJL~J jl ej y.,,^.1 ^yjl a^ol (Jjl j^AjlJI J-«w*_i
> f. „ ^ - -
^iaixj (jl Jj*j (_yA>- 4 (w-^a^JL) (Jj^AoJI JaLjjl (j| Jo .Uk5>j»cj 'yi (jj^vj
^ ^ j»K ^ Pw
J-^LLo Loj^ aJ*j ^»I^Lo t L-o^>tJ tiUJ^ U ol JjN tU
56
<LA
^ & e,
L>- jJl La aLo-j ^3 LoJL?*- t L^J
,4^JaJl iijL^oj
f, ^ jy ^
(_£jJl i \f- C_i-*L5\J Ol 0*^1 Lu5La*j <jli C OjJjJ LtO j
* 0 f, |P y p
\£ <Uw*Jl l*Aj| JJ-P ^jXj
^^iJl o ^JLl I l^-LLj j ^ ^ i ol j>l L* cJ ^_^ j2_<>J
AjLp <1)L» (j ji ^jJi J jJ-*-4*° <ZjJj>zj
>
lg 1l j^l^JaJJ AjU_>c^JI £pLjl la.*,**** > -Xj^o ^A JJL*J|
ik-^l £«L*Jl ^:>L<Jl ^ JJ^ J^pU^JI o jZS Sjj
c^->L^o| Lo I . Aj2J>- l_J 4_) ^^LjjJl i \-A OwLoJL^wwO 0- ,S y ^ w\JU-ol
^jJj t L^-Lp oLiJxJl JjL>o jl ( jjo {J>j*ys>- t<LoL*JI ojuA
. ■» p J* p
oj_& 01 .<-3? J_v2->t_aJl L^jl ( j_a Jjl ^3 <J j- 1 La |jbl JL»eJ
J I J J j-s^jjJl J^P LaLaJ <JtLLU~3 JJaj cJj'^ (_£-3L-a-ilj j^Lyg-aJl
<jj j_pLaJlj J-^ J-*-b •^>^^') |, '
Jiajj f-ijj>-'yi j-L^Lkjj 4^jju>jij iij j^ji [^jLyi] 'y ‘Ut^jaJi
01 cJ^ -U-vx'y Ij cOw*tJl <33 <JauOj_j Lj^$La| La lili t ^jjJL LS j3-Jl
t L^jwa Lfj ^JL 01 jl LaL*Jl (_£3L_aJl oJ_ai ^J>\ a-L^LlJI ^>-
oLL<..» La. 'I J-a-S'l o] c~>a-Jl i_£ji ( j- a LJl ol LJ jL>-
j»J Ujjj c ^Lis u J^p LJ-g->- (J-ap"" *y
^j-a j-iS'l (_J-S aL^ij^—3 Lx~»JI j\ 4_^.La^*Jl CjIa^wLaJI J-^S'I ^- a ~ J
^-a-P ^J-P a_3 jli C kLi-JjJ « A_^a ^-P ^-jLsL-^JI
[ji_MaL>-] t 1 g " a^ I Ajj^JliJl -a J_y3L>Jl oLv»o^y^
.<UJoI>tJ jl <4>cj ^3 Lj^l>-I La^o t LzAJj Laip»-
Ul ^ „ *“ P
A-33 ( j_a 1_L>- 4 _i O La £_a cl I <-vaJJw^Jl j^sJj
jwLo c -vL.il <jj_^wLaJl ojjl^-aJ L^_i LAj>cJJLwkI La I3I c cj'y I
L-Ly ^ jj Li 4-L^LS”^ C <J>*JL*_<a \£* ^La-J o^>-Lp
C <4lkyaJl oL-0>LLJl ^»Lv3| ^jJ> ^~w* 3 i (_5 J-st2jaJl (J-L*J| <i jJ«-a
57
jjjJl -Ji , . \a ll jl ^j^s\ jls I ^ylp <ci jx-*
<i o-XpLv*-«J Li! o-s^mJI oNN JcxN I jlj t l^Jiap
oNUJl ^jJukj jLj JUJjsoJ jl oJlA J^P 0 .ti^Jl
• 4*-o^Jl ^1 <jLww<aJl j}-3X ^£X« ^ylp jjJi i *-." - 4**&\J>tj\
^»jp ij! ii o-iJjS I ( _ ? i!l i5 jj»J I ji x>-l jls [ j\Xs] IjSIaj
jl LS i«_xJl ^s ^a Ljl tZy jl jr— =r Jpl (Moment)
ijl L^5 vaj a^*_>/3 5 jJ (jl 1 _y'-*-d L«-« 4 1 g ~p j-»-u L^jdx> ( -L;
L-»-la^-^l Lo 1^1 cJLajNI jl j\ iJjIjjkJI
5 Jjjjl (jli-lj ip ~Uj_i (jl oUNl ^0 ilJL jl ,J^>«Jl 4 _Lc>*j
>
IxaLa UwLpLvj jjs^jLs c LgJ 5-LLioJl £>31 ^J»p yyc^ c^j
oU ^L*->Sll IxSlia^L tj jjLiil \jl& Jg.7 ^3
jl L^ - lSL<^ JliLiNlj
*)1 j t <j jj>cs\] J a_i3 4_> U-»l (1 ) jjUJI ^ ( />3j) ,c->N N I
.4Jw® 0 0 Lo jJLi (1)1 0 ^ ^>woJl Lo.jJl ^ JCwjI
p ^ >
j g (^—^Jl jl N| j^xj liJLs JJL*Jl LaXp-j
p ^ 1* ^
jl N dUi (jli 4 4ii>-*^>s Jj> ( J-P *>Ux^ t^j^jJJ
/^_P *>Ux23 t ^J j-«ja>5 J ^ y* {Jj\ 0 U yi
^jJl d)J . Lv ^ lx 4 J -LsL^JjNl U j g la > d)l
(JI^Uaaj >31 jjh ol *wA-dj^3 d)l [ 3 JNjci-vjNI ^Ja^wj
jls d)j_$o ol y* <* o-^j j-Jl J j-*-* 2 -* ^- Lt il ol j t S jl j->Jl J
.jjjUsJl y j>xj (1)>o 31 “Xj^ 4 C^LoL^Jl o 3-A <l/°
J\i Jl ^1
lxll>^< ^jp jj ^ yJu* i «x>cJ ^l u |!%3 LJ3 nJ^
jJL2 ^>LP <Uj i -bX>- (Jl^v*> AXP LjJo >>- ^>0 4 4_j Ut«AJol (^3J|
• l> wL*j 1 ^>tj c aajL^h i y*-*^
58
jj^al La ^3 L-> *3 *3 I ^^J>- A^-^L La . (jLwJ La*AJ^*_3
«www^vJl a-S^^Lp ^_Lp a^-jUS L^-jI tw^vljw^Jl ^j>Jl j wLo ?£_jL 5 jj|
Ijwj ^ w\JL^»j I La ! JuJ^r ^a ^JJLw*> La Ljj} .(J ^_*_iL*3l^
^1 j->Jl i)jSLi < 1)1 jLr ?a 5*>L*JI oJjfc La ^3 LjL^Liix-^Ij
13a L)1 £-l^a £a LLw*> jZ~+a\ La Lj LU\Jj) .Aj j>z^}\ \ oUj>3j) 4-o-LS*
LJJS jU ^LoljLoJl Ll>I^LujLw*<I ^aL-al Lo '. LJL-aj)
w (■ " *> <*■
^ < .^ j j m s.S' \ 4j 1 ^ A-L^" („) *A3 I^A— ihX^ - *o? ^ ^ i,^ « tf )
^ * c.
jJLoj ^jjJJl jJbJl ^-aslia-a ^ ^ ."J -'I ^Lp Oj_*_L?xj ^jjjJl
J^C-l ^yS + ^ )l jj-bjtj jjl OUt>LC- | > _g_j_C'
Uj-Li^>iij j^jJJI t^^JLJl j JL^Jl ^JaJl < < y- > ^~ > o «,rj^ LoJlxp
O' M
<jrH t£ ^i (j^J (*-$-A*
JJi-> d)l a_^_*_JlJI o3a L_^j^r~3 jJI 0}j .^a^ ^a-w*- ^3
L)t J-^3 LLwvAjL Aj^^ajl ^j. la , fl « > L)l Jj t A*PjJ Lo ^j-^-^1 j-^ 3
^jji L L3-^_>- /^-p d y* 31 J^LL> UJJ3j . L-3-P Lg-> ^j, & y-*->
.13 v *~st5 0j|jj>Jl i^jj jJ?
t- *<■ . „ . . . C-
^y± ^^P^l J C Lsajdl 1 JA ^}cS\^A
U-«j {Jy*' ^J. Uj J J-^U <• UaLa j3a-<»Jl Jl J-LJJ ^Ju>» ^-LlapJ
Ujl^LiiijL^I (1) j£a c J j_*j2-«j l^-ww^- 3a_>l ^-ll 3 jw2-> <~j 1 31
3^ i ^-Lp j 3 ^y ^y i ^j_p a-^u aj jj>^ji duu ^r° < '-^ , Lw^ji
^3 L^>i Lo ^A *«->l^J>xJl IJa .JaLUI »J1jL-L<)-P A^3-o-P
. AJA A>ciL<Jl j Aj>-
^ Lwwo 0w^«pL^fl LkjI i-\»p L »a» 3 A>«..*.*..lal 1 o L ^w3- ^*^ w3 1
A_^J>t L? I oL_i^5sJl A_3 ^-^5 L? A3 U-llS3a L^Jlj 4 IAjI^^I
l-43 j-Xj ^1 ^^Lw^lj ^ ^-3l <^135 Up <— *.~>gj>cJ ^ 5 ^ 4 y>- ^ p-Lw>^\J
aj^^^ Jks^31 l)j3 ^p L j^>*-> L_^>l y>*£ t Las^j f-Lw^'S/l vULL ^-ulj L^-Jp
59
t. J* >
cllL o I 3^“ J-AJl 'V j N
jl ajj J\ ol .4 J ^Lu>I r ^> JJ ^Iop o^J ^iJl
151 4-JL>Jl 45 ^>xJl /^p o Jw<w>o 4_>jj ^Jl o?^
15 Lq^w«^“ 1 4^jO*J| ^oLl)I o^oJLs /^p 0 ^ I O-LL /^p
L^Jl*j 'V djj_ill uLUj t ^*“T ^1 jlSCo /ys wbVl ^^LiLl* jJij
Oj^j ol jOJL N Lo 5JJ5i t ^5 jJ>5 ^>Lw%j>-I ^ ol ^/J
^J>| ^ 1 I taXA ^jP” J ^ '* ' ^ V»3^ »|<^ J t «00«<^J V«_ ■> 1 0 I 4*<P*
i»Jj ^jJ Loj^ jJL>0 t^^LJlj (Powers) (1) ^JLJI ol jJi
^5 j~>j t <Lji>sJl ^obJl ojJJL* ^*p 1-^-S ol L^-op 455>xJl ^^2 jLs^ 2->*JI
C C-j| ^oUl O-LL v 2^a-^< tfcU j-^>~ OJJjJ aJuLo^s CJ^^-^JLa 0 1
L5" ^ ^ oJ I I cwUwXj L ^—a 3 ^^ 3 o^^l 3^ L»»w I »p ^-^—53
4^3 JjJLjL jlj 4-Jj->oJl o 3 jL*_a ^jP jJL) ^ UjU t J~3 oLlLSI
-* p f, w #*
0^1 ^jo^l j5sj t!l jl j^aJUlJ £i j4>-l lJ-^3 ojuJIj f-loJJl ( j*s> Li^-^a
4^4 l)L> L*^oJ>- ^oljJl ^3 jJLaj ,4^«L-*I c-S ^ pl ol -05L> ^J5u ~^Ljl
C 4^_ij>tJl j-olUl oljJlij <u5^>Jl ^2iLv2_?-Jl /j_o 43j 4i^>Lp
(^-iJl ^Ijojls^^ I 1 -La JJo> ^ 5 -IJ 45-^_j ^ajJ| oLi ^JLLILjj
L« (a _5 ji 3 c U-^.„. : ig.» 43 j-^° (^1 ^LaJLpU <. ^..Ig.'^.oJl j jj|^L<jJl Uk^JpLJjIj
f. u ^
jl_0»“^/l la $ L) j_*_>t_> L^-jLj J j-^^l Lj5L^j c <lS_jL»UI 4_> ^>«jJLj ^J_^o
0 ^laS\ OJUu 3 ^ !■ ^ *"* *-> vjoLp^-^a ^oJl Oi-Lj ^_p ^^0u3_Jl^ j~^
Ol 4j^>tl!l oJ-gJ 0j5o jv-l ^j-^Jj I L^J 43 j j-^° C-J-^a^* c iolajJl
^iJl j ^LLAiJl bjfcla) « ^oLil Sj3i»j KSjJi)) Power SjLp (l)
Jl . A>0-l aJwA 4 _aI3j s^iUjj Q^o-^^O o j^wjSj LXA3^ 3^3 4J_jl»AJb
.^LOl
j*~i liJ I ^jlOl o^i-Ls jl ^oLlII o^)«Aaa 0 Aj wLp 1 j L^*j L-jl — o L&Ia ^* ji . Power OlO
.ojJLa 3I jl ojJLail
60
^ t N Ji y> ^\j L 4l*jl ^5 1 y
jJl Jt>Ui j-A dbb ? jjfcUk)! S/I [^j^J] ilJLwo t bo
.^j!j_p jS ‘cJlS'I o^S" ^-b!l ^>Jl o) .<bJ-p •aS'jI
aJ o*->LS j_9 I-L^j IjjT 4^^->sJl yaLp^Ji aJ Lo-^%->- (j ! dbb
(jl (> j-^J <L^A>cJi j-obJl bbljjJS
w c — - y w
4_w*>Jl ^<2j L v2j>0 I ^j~-B-> jlj 4 j>-l l> — -Jj t_$2 ^jJ J-L*^ L«J^>- j
4_>t_JLXjl jJuj V ?<U_j>JI oljAi j° J A jg-
jl
L_aLa £ Lo_> 4jL jl JiS'l 1 _ r U ilr^J ^JJj-J’
4-wL^P t l^*ia3 wli bo OjJa>- 4_<>_> 4j1j 4
(jl Ol ^Lb>t-j ^bbJL^I ‘bijj 4 j-J>sJL>
^ Q 0*''' f. P lO
Oi. >-j wVil [^j^l] ! cJj^lj <C */g, & L) l)I ^j-P J-S" 0 b> J— *«>
j L lliil [<LjUIj] Iji ij jj*jL«JI Jj j <lJ1*j JJs jJ I AS" j-jJl jl
\Z~>')} j-*-4-o L^J_jj_*JL~o 4 <lijLijLo j_aI ji l l ^3 ,^-A jA-\ C-'Le- j-&
t ‘ * «* 1 1 j ^ >-A^~ | (_) J j.v I jl Sjl - ^j*o t J I^>c^<k^oI . <Jj Jj. ^ o
Ljj3 L 4JI <uLJL>Jl ^ j»J_pij l^^i^S/l ^ ^JLU_v-J jl j-fr
U-.I j/ 1 jj jo jl ^jSL}j . I g i -o
. jji'-U^o'Vl jJJ.i Ij ia ■ jl L^pLo 3jl t j( JJU-o I
•ja— olj ^yj| j- 0 ^ Jj>- j^s* ^j-oLa J^LjjI o}
4^ijj>sJLw^l L« bl t^LL^b-^'Vl |j-A> J-^3^
4 A-lg-^i^-ll dJ_Lj Oj^ bo Lol > ^b>c^>c-Jl^ (J'b/ wAJbwv'V 1 4 Ij *.*>! t>b*-3
^jjJl cLLSS jbo UJjj Aill> j ji viiJi uL cJ ti
P yfr ^ y p
bo ^3 Lb b>- bL^Lv*j 1 ^.S* b^_j \j lJb>- ob^j>-^o b^jl 0 ys±£ t
p
jj^i
\xXlLa i CJ jJl JJ ^o t ^t,. i jl Jj j/ <uJLw. 1I <jj>Jl oJjs jl
( j^j aJLaMI i£j}j j^liJl J jj^Jl (_$ji j^jSJl <uf-j Lo jl i LoLoj
61
dLJLxSl IjuI ^ g '* a <jz,\ j JJL j> a^j>- jJl oJu^ 4 )u ^ o% ^-aJI
.iiis A^-ll)JLw*<l ^5 JlL^vJ aI2-w*j!j o ij? 1 ^Jajlj A*-*23 Jjl
^Jj ^£jUL)I ^ -ULs l bjLU I AjJlj>- <Jlj)_lUl oLS* LLJ c
JJij aJL?«*cj d) j_S" ^4 c o j ■».«/?.« ll 3UL aJ L« ^.Lp
a" «. ^ f
jjLs »jjjjij .^ji jJi ^ tii-U ii| 3 j^>-j *y ji 1 4_>tj>-
^LS" frl - ‘3 >-\ -L<>-*-L9 . 4j ^<w*j c_5jL>tj (1)1 ^Ju
.4^t>rJl o_1a jJajtj (j! l^d-a j^SLaj “LI oLJ Si
Lo_a ^ ^Jl oNN^Nl J* <> 5Lw
tJ LSo^l oli*>bo Jw^. ^151 jl ^L^Jl J^xu-Nl
^Jl Lai .^^Jl sy>-j}\ oLaJI ^ilij p-$i (.jAII ji t ^L^*Jl
^>liLa i L^jAj j-^-o La tiJJ-ii iJUJl SjL- ^o <U)L *> jj oNN-iduA <uj
^ « P v «.
j-Lo Lp j_^?j-a (jlj i j— *~1 -L* 4-*.«.-UJl (_£ ul jj» ^iaLj ^jJu
> f. a*
«lJL*J jl ^Sbo-> c LaLl>^j>- LlS* I cIjLp j-<aJLS o j_&Lt ^3
y^jj j j-^7l (1)1 ^ ,‘L^»SL£’ j\ Ajtl^x^J oN J-^ 2 - 43
4_*_Jij ^ ( <*_>! ^5” ^3 c IksL* L^w^wj>“ d)l
A^ ?jll5l ,j^-^ ^j-wwo-Lo j\ ^JuJl aJ (1)j^j t
(1) J^15 ^^3 jJb jL>c-wo^ll d)l (1)1 ^j*a aJ jJL*-A 1 jj-A L 4
ji j-jL^ /j^ I J j Si 1
*)} (, Ojj^saj ^-*-4-’ Lo_^ (J jjb L 4 ^_j-^-^ 1^1 /(jl jJj>-
AoL^jJ A^x^" (jJ L i ^ip J-JjJl A 4 I 3 J ^J^<w N j w ^^23ljJ <0
.^Li 3^>c^ jl
Lfis ^- j aJLLIJI bjo ^3 4-iL!l ^j>ej>JL Ll«33 L« I 3 I 3
jl tA-JbiJL^-l Nj ^>e>Jl { j£j (. ^5 ljw«L^>“l
t ^IjJl 3 js >- jJbj jUJl ^Lijj (J-LjCo lLLLiS"
La dUj3 L Jw--JlJl \SA ^j>sJ>- 4^j ^j-vJ AjI U> 1 .lil aJI Ll jjSj\ ^bJl
62
jj-o i a ). Li jl LJ_~i Uj lil j £ la j jl ^^Lwo N
ijjs-jJL ( J^ oj IxJls jJL! .^pJLaj (J'^-*-"-* 1 '^
■>P — * £ tP
4 4i*>bJl jJ-Lj L^3 jl J t J jjoj*Jlj a2'%£- ^JlC-
^*3 1 ^ ( Cy J A^^J^^t«jl Lo 1 4^^ 4 1
|j-A ^lp ^J-JwUL; i IJ L-X^I^J La !.}l$ t^^LJJ 4-AjQxa
jis' t Jjj>-jju 4_iL*^> ji 4jLiJL?-i ^j>cj>sj j_j-Sn jjj*!
4* *>
.c-JJaj L> LwJL^Jj 4jjjJl ^ Ip ji j Jita
^JLp <L<aJlS Aj ^jjs ^iJi L>l 4 £-5! jJl ^ j
Jj-L? ^jj^a (^7^ L^_J LL$" ^Jl JJJjl) aJJUl^ jlJa ,ol
j\ Aj j>tS}\ L)L L lLsai 4_JLl$LwO ^P-Aj Jl ^ Aj I ^Pjjj •<— J Ip ^- m^^-<J1
AjIs 4 J j->- j\ o^l*-a N j aJL*->VI oLp*JJ ^SsJl JJjlSI I -La 3L*_juJ
La ^Lp v— J>- ^j-a a! <jj-^ Jl ^-J j^^a-LsJ jjJ>cj kli-Jj V
1-La Aj Jl ^laL*j ^JJl 1 -La iJL^oNl A*^JaJt 1-L-a ^^>*3 ^Lp aLoj>*j
4-jcs^Js-lJI a3p3^1 ^ 5 JJl JJLJ-Jl iJcA ^Ju*j LJ-*_>&jj} ^ J ^ill ^ jJJl
j iaJLX-> aJlS’LJJLo jJ-o U Lwa I 4 4_JjLj>t^J 1 CjLp J^JI
Jijj » 4_^wsj 1 L> Lp- L — 41 — *j I Lp~ a 1 — ^-A . a»LS" Lw— <»^ a l ^ q &
>
J jL£J LwLap ^L^jJLs^N I 1 j_a JL? <Ll 4 _a1aJ! ^_aL1 ?
<lLo J Oj-^-j L« 4oJj>-l^ JL?- jLjipL>^ ° j-^l Jjl 4 JL*-^Jl
*»
Ls 4 L«L>j J-U^ L)l>Jl j .oJUajuJ^ ajj^j
1*La ^Jl jiajJL 4 ^i-Jl ^j-a -^*“1 i-iJ^ .^LjLoj
-L*-j L^-;|j 4^_Soj -i-^lj (jl-La b JL5 OjJJ jl 4 ^ ^-ftL^Jl
LjJ2j 4 L^_p Jj JLS* Ul 0 jjljJL<Jl wJjL>cJl1| ^jJ3 <lIj y^> aJ^J-^-a*
lJ_A l^j ^A ^jjli 4 ^yO J s/: >zJ3 Owbu La jLoSfl U J-s^ 2 J>o J
SJb-LJ Aj oJL>-lj aJL>- ^j-a ^jJxJL-^o ^-LJl jl Jl
63
l1LL> yp c_jLLo«0> ^ *cj» Lgj^ooo^j ^Jl cLLLj yp
wLs^_4j aj >- La jjJL) i <Jl^_^Jl lo& ^ jl?\ ^j| ?S3 ^L<kJl 4_lL>*Jl
Jgl J~j>oI Ol ^ J *Aj>-l L)l ^JaO*A» I ^ .C^L ojLil
jS\ La 131 t ii yu^i 1 Jlid L5 ^*o L>OLi JiiL- ^ISLS j . J-^LLSl
.J^Lp L^j :>L>J> p-A-b4
LLLojI ^000*o to j^jI ^-OJl .j-a 3-lP { / > p 0 t Uj| o^
c<r >L ^ — 3 ^jlpI Ol 1 4_o2j>Ji ^ ^l^^_>bJI ^^^Lv^3j>«J 1 tlr°
^j-P OjJ*j>- <JL~%u Lol ^>-1 J^LiJL 4-> ^*..*,^31 ^«jl> k^LU.} ^3
t 4_ia_^*i 1 ^_ll ^j_>l V A_^wwj^j ^_>“Lj>tj>- jL~*wa ^1 t ^I j LAJL^^y I lL_A
V L^-O-J JflJ j03 JlpLUI jdJLlI iwA_& ^-Lp LLv2-3 J Q-*jj yJ> ^l3l j£Si\
< Jp ^>-^1 <L^vJ>bJ| 4 j 4jL ^J>O l 0^3 L)l 4j V— 3 ^JL*_oJl y -o-9
OOoJl^ 4jw0cLU 4^uL>t3l ^ ^Jl3L J^LojI ^3 t Lgjl^ «-0*eJ t ^Oo
oJla j g Sa 7 La (Jjl /^a 4_— i_>Jl o»IjJl_ 1JI oJ-A Ol LoSLa^y
^0>*j La ^*SLp J-&J t 4_> jJ>«_)Jl oOpL*wa OjJUj t 4_L^>*Jl ^p^Ol ,/a LJl
*» w
La Lji lOjk .£jli jJI 4_A I Ju 4 „ L *_) La ^^SLpj <U5_*-« ^UlJ I ( J^S" <lJj
t^L-5o t L$Jl j^JlJ j L*-w<^ 4>- f-L^'yi oIjJ-Sj J-^j>JI ( ya 4^-^JaJL aJ-p
3 Op t LJ o j g U > La J^S" ol ^^^-^iaJl I Ofc 4 j ^> oJl iijJJOvJ
OLL Ol luLo t La COlp^-v^^ 3 ^j-P 4^>-lIj| o jj \ ^uJl tJO^I
tOolS” 03 t V-ll ^aJ t 4_^ ^s^>c-oJl vJOLp^-s^^-^Jl
4_] OjO^- ^lO^j l_awLOP^ .lO-S* ^ ^-4— 1 1 j> l0_5* COljO^Jl L^_J
4,^3 jOjj t 4>LL>-a ^ ^3 J oljwO ^_3 jJL) Ljli t <tL>Li_a A. ^yXj'L^2J>~
. aJj lo^a ^J^pLLs
I^wLoj 4jJ0j yyc\i aJoL>^o tJoL jSLaj OjJ ^3 y*~s^- ( yo ^Ja.O.) LJ|
* 0 f. p w
jJJ L>-j~u jl o jJa^>- ju^l; (J-S^- 1 J -4 ^
JJS" O’-L^-j ! La ^2j> r_Jj J j_ij LsJ_LjO tlj-^-^fl-i
64
I 1-iS 4_b>Jl OljJjllL Aiu jA \js ^y2j L/2J><J I <UjLUi Jl ^=-JII
aJ y^P y^ Lo^.} 0 y&Z-** AJjTLJtJLo A_l^vJ>- ^/2 J'l^ 2_>- Oj * l!) y&J LoJJs_Pj
J_w 2 ^xJ ^ j^-aj *>li t. LLS”Lxjo= iliJ>- olj-JLL ( Conjoined)
jl j^J j_aJ .4_>-j oLi^L<>jLa j l. a b.<g a., Si jlj t ( Jwv^L>-
IAa (JL jl ji jll <jlb aa •(_? ja^I ^ ^j; ; ...J> ii a.1I
f, * f. ?
(jl ?1.il A^wi? j-> I
.(Begging the Question) ^^Ip ojjjU^o j_a J _> t J a_)I
LgJ Lc*»L^\ jIaj aj jj>tiJI ^y> oj^>-LqJI ^y^jy o I di-ta
A_J y>*^2 yJ$ (1) A_1_S"Lw-w^ oljJi jlj ^w^LoJj J_iLo_ij J^u»w<Jl jl
(jj j>*-“ jl ^y> y^ j- 1 (jjl 4_«J jib bli t^JbLsLAo j
C-j j C J-^Lw-oJl iJ-P-ii jj-S\j j/ Aj ^v^Ljl jlj y*y Jj 4_*_~jaJl
(_£ I Lg_J_P |»jJL> jl ^-Lp Gj-^b J^' (_£jA_>tJl A-ojA^- 4_j
( j_« ibj^b Jjl yL^sj jl JI>mJI jJJJJ ji ^-Lau.1
C I J ^_s^?bjJI ^-O 4-L)btwO-jl oJ-A ^Lp ^JJAj jl A-)j-^rjjl
.AjLJaJI I Aj*s y? \ JX2 > I ‘WjIS ^>t^jl ojjis Jb C~°bL)
<■ ^1 L" 'll J^>b| ,^Lp j»j-Jl -1>J jib jj c-L~J>jll (jJ jP^-o jl
jl 4_>t_?- (jjl <lJI 1 — a^vJ_> j»J bl dyzoA yp\j^Sy\ lj_* jli
J la ...«> J-sjlX^wJI ^jS ‘L * L . H j->^a jl (_ 5 -l-P ^j_JjJl jl (,
p “ £, ul !*
^Lwj>- Vi o \s-y&j .dUAS
L^Jw-p LLo aj>c~jll!Li a^A^xJI JJii LA_i)UUl
j^\ Iaaj ,a^1^>JI L ^_v2jLm 2->- ^3 j-Ju (_jl Oj-i L^Jl ^ jLj
p ^ p
(jl aJ J^j>tj *b/ J 1 ^ 9 C Cj Lp I ^jh^j (_5^i UL^I
^Ij (S j 1 y^ 2 ^ 3 ^oLpjw^
Jwj v-LLl^ j U-j jj jJJJAJL ,^j>l IJ_A (iilLwAj l y>-\j^>-
(. ^jLpU L I Uj (, L b c yz ^ \ i ( ^ j ^ aLj^xj ^bbSj^ . vji_S"^Sb*i
65
y>- t J y \ w./gi aJ >_i III Lu J5Lj t JLIjp^- Jjl
4 'LL jL 4 j/l I-La ^aLai k_3 y\ jl -bjl 4 Jl J _JI L
4 ^xp 4j LA ji JvLp jJl .ApJ LLx l tcjuss*- Lx~>aj N j 4 4jI J
J** t j 5 L~Jl Oj — a I ,^A aJL^i ^3 L«_£jIj->-
Ll
P P P «/P . w . f P P
(_^LI -sILI ^1 jJj 4jj^^aJI oJa jj^«j>sJI Jp- y> y\ jl y
JAI *>L t L_Lp IjLLa :s.}J J cr^ jr-^ 3 JJl Jwa->L jr°
Ji J 2 ^ 41
L> Ajst?- jj” y 4 y jL k-iljXXpjM y J i_J j_g_« N
£ w p ^
1 - i. i ; a-L *AJL 4 ^A_*_9 J _>- y j! 4_>tj>xJl L-Uu (1)1 4 yA AXj>c_; ^j_P 'y^
j^s - ji ^_pj Jl 4_ii jjLpj/i y lLJls' j jjMj . Jjlj m o^Lj
/ v^vjLl j JlSsj <5 jjL j yZS- (_>J-a Jp I jJJA Ji J-*JI J jL^ol Jl
di jL^JI y> j ^J>L~a «LlA 4 L a j-a ^5 diljj jp° JjIAa 41 Lj>u
,- t..^ - Jl jjL>cJXj aLI J_j j_<Jl jJ_L jL J ^jjl tji J « J 4/l
^L a/3 a I - ■/? L a i La LI t y^>- ^ . AJX-o ^_i ^_jLa^jj/l
j JL ILL 4 ^j-L j-<Jl I La JJXaJ oJj^a ^p Lg_> 1 LatXXXX^Ij
4±JUi *(J^^ o ^ ol J\ t J-olS' j-^p \jj 1 O^-^j
4j| J-Xo Lo COljLOP^I IjP La ^3
• Ua>JI ^Bijj ^Ji [LpJ
^ *a -. p p
( ^j_p Vo/2,3 c L*-wL ^_aJl_1_:Ij j ^J^j>-l ol 0-S'^-<Jl
4_> ^j>tjJl 4_la_^l j_> o^o-^j>jlj t ^J^jL^-JI ^oL^_Jl i^^ > ~ oLwws^Jl
J-v2^>o ^^1 Lfcjlil o j^oJ^oj
tJjJjJllI jL Loj-O^i c L^-Oo
L^w-0> 1 jj\ *L5LI^ t [ cLUj j^] oOj < jwO>o
L i bli to j g L aj 4 ■>/?.) L,/x?i>- ^3 JjL^o ^ [,Jjfl LiJJu]
jL^_ 4 ai-A (Ji J^ 2 Jx^ 2 ^^ (j-Ai jl vLU^ -L*j yj j^ 1 * 1
4 Lj3
jl , ,-
66
(ji (Jj->- J^P jL>- t <uJjip Oo-U-a jl ^^L>xJ>-
. *-Uj>- jJl f^JJaJi I j_A ^2.9 4_L*J ( V r ° j*-£0J jv-5j t <L>c^>iJl oJ_A
^j_P c— ’j^-J 01 /^-SOqw) J-3j 4 ^ 2 -j^-P 4->i^>iJ| (j| IjJ^Jlj (1)1
^jol (1) I 3 c L^-Xp j jJL a^_»Ju L^-jI J\ t
OXJj> (1)1^ t ‘UjX j^) <ba-^P 4->cJ>- js^JLi J-*j j_^-0> I J I L 4j2J>J) ^*-03 j->
(, 0 &
*-\j LOj ^Xp 0JL^>o Lo 1)0 Lil ^ pI^ 0Jj>o
c *JlS"L0jl>3 j wLo v — jLw^I ^p <J^LlijLc jOI ^ 3 jpj J-o2)u^<Jlj
1 »_\_a ^^3 i-A.< ,/^.p 1 O I (__5^ 1 1 1 ® ^ • cJ ^ 0/ 1 y^ ^»wJ
■ c_3 j 0>- <^Ji*xSL> ci^wJ I J ^ N ^ t ji Lo lils t .,/? .a i I
t t_<ilj-cj^j U_>- .LwaJj' *>L*j ^jL l — j^pNI JjJlp Jjj>- t CjLkj>-'i Ul ojj
u iliJi ifj^\ uiy 0N1 0! j* o-iL.
I P c-
.J^oJI j^IpI 1)1 J^-9 y° C jJ-j
67
(juApd) Juoii)
UJ
‘ 4 J..MJ (J ^L>-
JjSlI (—ill
OwL^j t ^jjUJL Lxa*_JLS' AjLa^JjsJIj oi
(. lb L>bl Lgj jS ^ c 4 j2^vJj 2J| oj i a^l^&JI
(^1 <. Lu5 f'lt LjJ AjJ_*J ^ <. Jjip JJ J-O-J C L^JwO^P j*/2S>x^J Ji
> _ * “*
J^-3 J^wJl dUi j_>t-> 4 ir* cr^
Jc^' y ^ °- >cj " Ojy ^ly
t j»yyj| <_s j^Ljall jt_Ji>cJl ^1 bi y bj| wUS^I (j^j
p *=* “1
jj t bJ (_jJl IjJLa^I Jbbe LjIJJ 2j>- (_j®j
j-« tj-i j (Epictetus) ^ jJL^5L_j 1 bjyJuL5T L^_yJj
p p ^ ^
JJL*Jl 4_La_^*>ljj b-w.gjl 4 4 -oUVI ( /^ LwL^-a Liwj jJI
jL^lP^I ^Jj ^^* > -* 3 -“' 1 t A*^b>JL>-l 4_xJLa J^S*
<X-wJaJl [JyaLjJ ^ j^&JU J.-S* t<LoL^jVl oLj>J| 4_aLiL1j
^j^_JaJl LlLwv-S" ^jL>iJ L>Jli oj ^JLU o jjL^JIj <u^ r fcjj>~ fc >Ul
^JJL*Jl aJl*-> ^>p JU-p^l jJUJI ^a_5\j o
aaa^JusJI ^ ^j- 1 ^-o*- 1 . l^J Jb>- V aI^IS* A^jUJ L^J
^il jJu ^ A-0 -*^Jl 3 L^_>V dLbj L 4*<a*.A*]\ o JuaJ jXo
69
4 4-*>> ^-A^»_>>-J| P-l {J~A (S^
t jJl jl 4^j^lS ,% i(l 4 ^vwLaJ| ^IpIj <• i'^JaJl J^voJl jl Cj^b-ij^ll
jiaL^xJl tjv-SoJl cLLxJ! ^p Loj.} 0 jjJj>k^j
4 4 L*L_ s i’ 3jAj>- ^5 ^j_As JJl <*1 j ^> cJ j^2J>- ^j £> j 4 ip CJjl ^3
<L$^ I oL~->J! 3_9~L>- i yj> ^ j ~ ? ^ J *— j UlJ \ /^S ii jj
4 0 J-fis 4 _ v £5jL*«^ J-Jjl A^-s-J-3 4 Lil w\_>w >wJu| .i)jL>cjl ! J
4jL)wLv2jj 4 <Loplj^o J 4 “^*-11 0>-lSjj 4 ^IvwwoJ I ( j_AjJl
L^JwO *Ai oLp^JI C-—^j L^jJ .oli jj*-JlJj
^tvA.Jw<>Jl 4 ^iU AJ .^UPj L^3 j3 4 0 J&J (1)! *)! J 4 ^j-vsJ <UPj
•& "fi -fi *■* „( p
4 JL>- J*5* ^3 4_oJLo*w« 4jj^j 4_i-<*J-3 ^JaJ L ^-£*J t <i-*^s_LiJl o^i-A (jl
w /
Calls’ (_$JJl jj-J P (J-*Jj .4-1 ^ j-o-lj j^-bj >— ~s^-J O J^o
l g »/3 j-A™j ^ 0^1 ^,-j! A-wLp La ^J-P AjLaaL-LJI 0 j_£> Aj
jr-*~^ (_jJL«JLi N O^-jL? LLJ ij ! ^ g lo .-Pj ^jxLJI Ja_>t_v>J Lv2Jj-*— >
( j-« ‘W’jL*^) C—ilS’ LaJ J i Jj J^ o J’-'S' LjJ (jj^L ^ 4 jU 4fljJS>'il
*IjipVi 1 ! ^^ ip L^jU 4 1 ^ Lj 3^3 1 ^3 1
.^jjjJl ^P jb^iLoH V *_aXoIj
oL_>cJ
wL^_>c_j $\ LjjI ^jLJuJI c>Sjt> ^a ol LJ ^m-J^
>
I oM'y-UL^il ^JJa jJ J-3 c A_)jL>J! ol_^>sJl 2j-Lp- JJ>-li Uj y>*-i
t -J^\ J ^o-xjl Aj L«*v*-*) J 3 L^j 1^ 1 4jjl>tJl
^Lp jjj-'^l ^ <wo_^a t 1^3 J-^~ b>J^i JlI sZl* jLj
o\S L>_LLo t ^i i_s^J • < j^'
0^ ^>-UJl ^9 <Lckj AjI 4 t ^jLw>Ji Jws^JjJl ^3 LJLi
<Jwo^ (_^l As*j>- {c,\ L^JJ — -J N ^jJ&AjI LftjJaL?i_) o jjajs- t A_i j^»cJl
i jLLx5'yi iJofc (jl 1 -XjI l_s j^>- N aJU ( JJl oLJ^p
/^5nj pJ A3 L^ As- f* jjh ^ISvj (_yJl cjN'jl Jaux'^I 1 ejlij
70
tijZi 01 Jb^li i4->c>JL> lLUJ LpjjXa jy&jJl
a j* jLxj !j^<Jl Jjjj JJa^j .Lilki^j ‘yLaJ Ajjljj j>~\ l-L-« l$Jl
(■ f,
ji U j-g-9 t cilta j-A L U! LiLoNl i^Lail L
• ! f'LwP’ Lo j^^uAiwj
^ul j^ 3 4^k]l LLp 4iLL L ^-Ip tL L^>cL j! lil
<• jtJLJl l-L ol>t3 4 j (^Lj 4 jisjllJlj JJL*Jl oLSLL
LiLj j tolp jLl ^ y^y° ">LL^J 0 j-jjLo ilL>t^o ^
Jj*jI LLL51 ^Lp <L^J^ .^>■'^1 IaA>-I
J^wLi_L (jl Ij^LS L.Xj L*^ ‘LLL ^j— o
olj jjjJl c—oLL 4 Jj^jLJIj jwa-^-JI S ^^3 o ^ N I
(, ^m\ j->Jl ljj| 4 JLL 4 A^-wJaJl oLL--*Jl L^-j ^Ll
JL>-lj l) 3^_^o (j-^ 5 C ^JLlJLv>o jl Jj-^Jl ( j-o ^LLj
j-L^J ; «* LI Jjfc L_AsJj>* 1 (jl 4 ^>-1 LjJ^>- oJ_>-|^ 4 J L>- ^3
Lo <LoJ ^ . L?jLj) LcLL>cJ~ L_£jI 1 ^-43 4 (J^_*_4_o
jli 4 L 5 j j j-gL? ^j-o Oj ^L jj_L
J* u^d ^ 4 4_> ^j>tLI ^jA Jj^o 4J Lj_ c cLLL
Ij-^Ls V J 4 4*3 1 J Jjl J*as>- N J) 4^o->r_l cJ
. ^ ^ ^ 0 f, u! p
4 J Ij-^Lo |j I j^>\>- oL L jjL> tij & y°
. aJ>«J $
p — ^ p
JLd ^ulj ^ IJbJ-o JLL>~ J3 Ll wbwL>- ^*^0
j j£j 4lS’LL>3 Uljb-1 j\ oLp jL> Lj pJlxJl ^
L^lj ^ 4 j oLa L-9 t Lg-i^j L ^3 ol ^J3*yi 0 jj\
0 jjj> ^0 j- 45 jj-f^ y*
l_g-j £ Lu2J>tJl 6 jwLaJIj 43 o^Ss3 ^1 ^J.-./7 ,.>^j ^_1
71
Lp j_ 3 _Ua Jo>c_> j 1-3 jJJ 3 N 1 I ,^_bp ‘*-L-o-? , 'aJ
dlij ^3 £_l - o? Oi! jbj j J..,*?o>- La-g-oJJ .4 j?-Ll!JL^N
yj> ^ . 1 1 ^^020 ^_Lp jj-l.3 j ba - ■ 4 J L 3 4 C ^ 1 j 4_j_*_*jl
*JJJ JjLa jl bit 4_*_3j_o Lo ^o»-l l-Lw-a 4-a-J .j-*SL-tiS-}\
■C
U^-Nl
4 JI 0 HJ 3 .(Habit) oojJNl jl (Custom) oUJl y IJl^JI IJL*
^jJI J~a Lo 4-^ 4-Ca-P jl ^02J>oO (J-* 1 ® Jj^ jr^ - baJ-S"
jJJ3 j^Sbt jl j-^ y* 4 L^v^p a~L»^JI k_dbj j\ *C^s- , (*jtll jJJi JulXp^j
UU i. (j^bUl oLL>_p iLL-p (^L “V j yl> Ij-^i
C- „ =*
LJbo_*jUobi ^ j3>oj .o3b*Jl jj\ y> jj5s J^waJl |jj& ol baol3 iJj-sj
Laolj .Jk^aJl IJL® JjoaJ ^sAsSll 0_^«~Jl U-Japl Ui Lol jjibll lU-gJ
j j_g_JLa y&J J^Jl 6 jJL 4_uL>.«^j^y I 4_*_^JaJl J_£3L_a j_a IwLoa ^Jl J 2 J 23
La^a J_*ol ^)l jo y>^> ijl bijJwLiLa-j j»-J LaOJJ ,4_CpULaJ
jl jJ ^*_jo aIS^Sj t i^^vJl jiJi f-Uapl ^paJ jl jl t L_L*j
bo L>-ljuju^'y 4jw-*J jl (_$*bil t ^y2j> y i\ Ijl_<JI <j| ^J-p t_$-^ y
jbj 4 A^j> ^oa 4jliS\J JL><j! IJlA LSIj 3| ^3 j)j .4o j3*oJl ^j/a 43 ^3>-baJl
^J1 bJ^j ^ b^_ilj 4 jolSbba jj-w^ y* jA jii jl ^Jl bu 4_^-j»-
4 JJL*_U iljjja Jp- j~ofi3 bvftbfls (3 bo I US”jaJ1 ( yA 4j1j .C— IjO baoa
Sjl^Jb" 4 (Vyo' 1 y~£' y^£> ys jb; La-Up 4AX3 w 5 jr^ J»j jl
p ^
43b*Jl Lxj>p- 4 ba^jl^sl y\ y 1-®} 4 jjjJLS" j\ 4*^bia 4_~gJJl_J
IJlA jl Jo .jj-S/1 j J-f-b 3 (jo 3 ba-k-lpj jojJj>- jJo jl (_5-bp L&_b>-J
'. ioj_JW2_jl oJ_ft j_P Lw_^>oj (_^jJl J_j_>- jJl j_A jJu_i ^jl^JLiMl
SJ Lr>— jj>5 b^o>-l J-jj ^ 4><oJo 3JL>- 4_iil ^^> 10^0 jbaJ
j_a i j^wwLs 4 U*>Us>l jg_Lp OoLLo>e_i M jiJi (^JSa 3U^>-lj
0 J 0 I 3 jLsIpI jo» l^o^jp^oU~o (_jjl ^bbcJl jlj .^L-JMl 1-b* Jioj
72
<c 5 C!j ^y> Ljj >— M 1 1 _^-* olX>-I j
£• ^ «=*
<-*3.2 ll) i j-*-> ii j->cJo |j->-!^ L<»wvv*J>- j_A Li jp*“ \^ jL^jl J L>- yj 'V
1-3 i ^-i Wp * - ^|^$* (j I (j ! ^i^t3 1
<o^_>~Lq3I cp L>~ Llli_^j '* y I Jl 5 jl ,£3jJI 333.2 (_J^° <l)i jl*_j
J>\ ^j-a ^ oL*Jl J->I ( j-a b| <J J>^S 1
oIp j-3 j_o jj^JLXj ^ JJl cLLlJjI lS^~J 1 »— >UXll aJI J_*_*_j Lc ^ ^_?-l (l )
jyj j^p^Jl ^-La jl ^y^lp^lj t J~w<>3l J/ 3 t AjLj^i jl A-^Lwo j| aJLU-
<W&JLJ| bjKil Av^iliM A^t^lJl 4 j 1 3 J j/l ^j^L? • Ld-L la ^ L?jLl>-l jLallP ^L>tsM
£_£.il — « C LgJ-^P l J-*_<lil ^y3J>zjL>J tP-L-^j/l £jL-L» LUj j-^JKJ ^Jl
Alajs-tAilj ( _ r ^“! ^ L-lj aJcJLa j^*r? <j^ ^^Ul Lolj .AjLjjLUj ^JUJU <j/?l>-
j ^j-j^)^l3 ijJJju j^Sjj5 4 .iJl.5 J)l j)ll I j_A Jwo_P ^j£- j»L*_S ;*e-Xj La Lo-^jIj^I 5 ^jp ^_Uj /^jJlUI
jJ L>p- ^il JLj jl *>Li» ( j5j»_> aJU iiJJjJj .Li-gjp J--c~-^-L 1 ^ L« j! ^p
Ipli^ La| c ^^p ^- jJl ^p ^1 t a^jaLI a^a ^ 5ji-l [aIsJ-w-] J .a^»- 4_Jj
3 ! jL^o-CjM ^^Loj j/ ajI LaoL*jj aJL^j^M a^ J aJ I 4 ^ 1 *^ ^SLo ^1 J^AiU
LjI ^jjUJI j aj^>*jJL» Ipli^ ^1 t aJ j_?- (jLia-1 — >> ( ^ < r o oL^jJ ^1
.uL> ^Ju Aj JX; ^-^<Js> ^v 2 >sj ^ oU=*I
j^jJj J jj>- bJ^/jl-Lo Lt° <1 ^ j ^ j ? wojJl I^L* Jxaj>o Jb;! Loj_j
j\ i^wwJaJt jl aIjJJI j\ t aJjjJ! ^Jj>- j ; a 5 oj^-I (31 3 -^ j-> L^ ! ^L^~^
L^- o_^-Jtjl Aa -^1 j_« OjIS^ Cl aJ AjC *>Vi Ajjj>tiJl ^jwXp 3 ^^! ( 3^3 l _r = rCJl
Lo Lj- J^-Aj aJ jJLx^a Jc>- ^Jw^jaJI ^jS- j J- y 7 j (jl jL>- L>_^_AJ . A^^wJaJl aJp-
LojI aj ji ijj c aJu< oj-i 3^*^^ 3 ^ ^ ^ Ca ii
.Jp -1 ja )1 ^jA jSsJc} !j A.lawj U jl j CL-wJj jl L*^P- jj^ LaJj?-j
-i— C ^LJI Aj -t-l-wo 1^_^*JT ^_t»jJl l_Lft j ^5 j b « 1 i I j/j
J 3 j, [ l AjI jl t i^>^LS" j-^-^ 0 >1 Aj Li ^tj^-/ajjl j 3 t L *_>3 Ajjja_Jlj A^l^o_sjl eL^i-l
. LS >^
t L& 3 ^' ;> ^ L/° 1 jj-<»p j,j j-LC LwLoC j] jr 5 *^
Aj>=-JL> ^Lp IlA-wA 31 0 Lj>*L>- C (jN-AJw~jj /1 3 ^P ^j 2 JL>- /^o
k-iLLi ^j^>j j> g «« j •-^r > ' L? jj *Ajp>=^jlj Ala>-j , \ilj j/l L^-^.-Li-^-’ ^ a^oLp
j/ AjoLxJl a>t_jh)1j |»L*Jl IjlII jl j-* Av^liL-l 4_>^>tjJl aLw 2^>- L^-l jj^J^- 1 jJ-aj ( _^jl Jp-I j^i-ll
= Lol .ejljj/ pLjulj AjLi^i- LI_J c o \\ la >■ j/ 115 3 _.jj j^ 5 jaJ a^-^p Oj^ c j-° Lo_^xalil ( ^ 5 j»_)
73
IjL^J! Ij^i .lil eL^Jd JJjllI ( _ 5 * oUJl jl
jjj* A-9 J-~> bJut>*- l J 1 X! oJLoLa \jJo ,J-*-?*J (JjAJi o_L?-j
U»l .^viLoJl j^Jg OoLS’ O.LJ Xl-i>-Nl LiL^
>* f.
X jj L>cAj 4^olj J^SvJ LaL*J ^JjfcL>* 0 jJxL~o lljli t <oL*Jl ^*jIJ Ojwb
^J-p o ^ a-^o .^1 o ^.S'iwLU o ^Lwo
4^.^Jg.ll Ijjl j ji (JL^wl .^Lp j\ c co LL*Jlj Jj>La<
p-j.>tJt ajL^j^ c 4 XS* 4jL^j yl! d-lta .cJ^-*-^ (^1 <x->lJo>“l
•oi ^ >Ji ^ ^sMi
O yS ^*— Pj 4*j| 1*2 ,>-^Vj <jl i-L-&l— A 4_^j>-^_J( ^j - 43 O ^-^-> -L-3 <LL^sJj}
<. Ll^jI 3^3 Ixj ^ b 3* lA^j! ^)1 bl^o-^cJ <0 ^yA IajL^Lcaxa'!
OOi-l *jJJJJ ALalSj LLij) aJLUajj Jjjllza OAj>- jJb L^s3 w'^>til vJxxLi oli JpljjiJl
007 — > (Tiberius) ajLSLs*- ol .*-ii-l-j j\ 4-w*— u£>^Jl 0 o_a ^j«a ^\s*- aJI ^tX- ox .^
LxaL^L>- 3 ^ Lx*_3j ^ (_£blxjx» v yi ^-SLA-I <*aU^ JJLa a_^x>- ^J_p L. L »^ (Nero)
La ^a tA^2>l4-l oLi-l ^3 5 j_^3 jl <jLx>-l ^1 aLl^-^Lj Ja_^ j_v£>
Nila d\ J J 3?~ jJJi 33 3 <3^ *4^^ <■ jb\£-\ 3 LgXa ^3^.
3 AixJl (O^Li^L ^ii>cJJ ^-.d- L i 3^"jA- 3 La <j>Xa U AX~a tA_iL**aNl *L<^JaJl .iL— 3 ^ jsiS' j \&
. Ixaa ^L>tX*< i j L^Lxx<l ^>>L^! ^pjJlA-1 LJlS" o jj~[j 4 j j>ijLi\ L)i .^Ul
^a ^ <_) k — ^LwAJl ^yi O^” 3° ^-*’LJ^ 3* <A -a J
Jb^/ .oLrL-l ^jJjj AJL^j^I jj^o'^I d 3- Ox-o^IaJ \j AaLsJt JS'\ys6\ 3
UaAxJJ < y 2 -i j*~> LojI A^ju 333J Jjs> tXP-ljAJl *AiJj J^. la" _Lp- 1 ^»lj c^° 7^"^^ Lr^
(jL<*-*Xv*<*^ i L^A^.XX-'-) L^Xa xpI ^- 5Jt vAJLL 3° ^ 7^*^^ x> j^a j 3°j^^ ^*3*
< 3 j jkM 3 y 3 S J5” 3 J £- 3 >J J5 3 <U»Jj .,jil jil ^j^JaTil L^-iJajj 3?
jt jJj t LgJUpj J,l cajI-UI ^3 t^Ul ^Jl 3^\j jXJ ^xil 5-^9 Li- 1
. ^XxLLi dUL L^.3 t OLf-7! UjI l^~ oL ^ a aS^ JULj Aj Ls/ 9 ^L>a.*A» 1 A>«_si9
La-i Lw^lj ) ^P jXdj V 7 b L^ljl ^3 L^jlb AJP ^ j-i AalxJl Jpl jAJl^a «X-'Lli>- , ^'Li! t)Ls
Ol 4 Jl 5 Lo-j N aJ ^-Jj3 N c^xjl (w—^L-^s oi P-jJL^Jl t j-a ^J-Lj
^-jJ-C 1 ] i lj_A j^J-la-i LaXlP^ 4_i OL 3
t La *->j 3 J- 1 ^ Cjy^ 7X1 4 AjjLai! ^J_P JaAj AX*J L^j Li ; La ^J_P [Aj^^eJjl
.AXo Jil Aj>-jb Aj 0 Oj^ [aI^Jj]
74
^^3 ^jLS jJl { j-° ^j-uijlj LwL^_>tjj
^->Jl ^Ll j j«£>z}\ t Lo <1 )Lp <Lo-» O ^ (1)1 J-jV Ajlfl (. <OjjV I
.^jluJl di-L ^1 jj>zS-*^\ ^3 J^JJaJo Lo Jjl ^UaJ^j 4Jw^ t o jS\ JJl ^3 jjl
f. 0 0 w
C AjLJ^o jjp.,^. 9 ,^-Lp 4-Jl>- 4_*J1 j ^3 Lyft^E-Jj (1)1 (w-A
ciJJ^ ‘Cwoj^/I L_j. J Lqj ^3 (JlJ j -o-P J_3 o j^Jsl^Xa Lj ( j 1 ^JL)JLvv^_^» AjIs
( jl Ijjl a^SCoI UJ t JlAi?Vl ^ilL ^Ip jJ aI^J j .<1)ISCJI
<ul Vl t ^jjjLjl ^j_a <U_jjL<JI j J, -O «J I jj|_b*-l j»JL*-1j Ljj ,4 j>cJLUL*jI La
jl 1 43 j-*_aJI jll ^^>xls ; jJl uij|3_L>c_aJl 1 Jhj jl dUiJ Lw<-Lp /^*jo
t jl^Jl - >j -g-J* J-s^j (_s~^ t oL$-Jj ^1 oilg-Li l y> Ixi'U-lxxi^lj jJJjHj
|il LJb t o Jj>-!j ojLp (_j^J -o fjLkil olwLs-Vl o _L» ljJ_g-»i jjjJJl ^Jlj
jli t ^SlUl ^^-3 jl ^Ij-^Jl ^Lol j>L>- (. La jLwP jj_a (J_UajJ ^J
L^jljtL>Jl ojIS' Lo-^-aj ; 4_^j>l ^yul cj'^/'lI-LUjI i y?**° jjS(x~j Lj jj jj _li*j I
La '^ / " fj t “* ) L^uj jL ajj) ISLI 1 aJL^vwL^vJ I j li *. I g - ■ * La aJ^j I y_A
>y*rj Jjl ^Jj Jj-^j-ll jji l_g_Lk^vlj_; ySL^s.: yij l l^_L^>iij
i [ ^ I p jj jviCoj-L^aj i — ^ bli
^ t_^_Ul I j_a_j c l_a — o l^_a_La_i (jl p^SbojJ
^ ^ L^~ , LJ^Jl ^ ■ ««, i ^ ^ ^ Lo_J . 1 ^ ) 4 1? -,i
J\ l j ^Ti a jl Li I t j^bLJLP jLjtJ t (in infinitum) 4 J ol^J j/ La ^Jl
jL Ij_LoJj jl Lalj t *-5\jjbb jl j*-£i-~*.i y>- ^Lal 5 J_^5 L>- La 4_>olj
. jLv^l <J Jj^-Lal ^ j^^Lalf-l
^3Lv» j/ ajl jJj C 4j>s-JLi ?lil |j_6 Jb ( j^> J^Ls-Jl La
jl ! 4 jjL>«JI 4- b .^jjJl s^jL j L-i ) I yf* I j~S -L*»o *L>c-j u I^jL jl j- 4
(, ^j5 J^a Jy: aJ^L-s^j (jXCLa L*j j 3j->- jl Ajli jj J)jwUj2j Jb'
■^. ! ^0 aU-o o^Lp jl jr 4 -^ ^ 0 jSlJLJl jl ^jI j_>aJl ^Lal C La
-L^” J LaJ t jj-A jjl jj ! ^ jj>-l Ojl AJ j\ . j 3>-T p jwPj-4
^cJJLIIj 4 Ojjj->aJlj jLLlLS* ; ^JIjLp j^s^j-X^JI jp-P Jj ^ 5 ! jl Cj'ilj^sJl
75
f. > S>
jl jUl 4 _Jop o_j> jS- La I SI 4.U t Loj^ LIS’ Jj t
jl ojl j>*}\ jJo jl o^LkJi ( JjJj>- ya ^cLJl A^-P ^yS j&
L^_j\j Ziy>- a_os— SLJ l oJl a Llo jl (Believe) Jjj^*o jlj lo^j j-Ji
if ^
a^jujI jju IJla jl .!>Lii Lo ^il La lit ^ coLiSblo-
dj LwL^-p ‘^Lojp <j| . » 9 ^ ^ jj 1 0 wLa ^3 /jAjJi 4*wdj>sJl
jl Lgdo s— J V 4 jJl Ijj* Jd* ^ (jj5C [^ 2 j] 0 rwiJl
^ I t A s ^
jl t LlJJ LoJcp «u^>c«oJi o! 4 — > j-b*
jjl j-*JI *— >j oLll^J 1 oXa o| .jt-ddj LoJdp *u_aI
"j/j (J ^\ l^_d^L>rJ ^i_P jl Lg->l-^-j J"~^i ^ t_ 5 ^ ^U-^w-JaJl
.^j^JJlj ^SUl d^U-oP ^\
1 -La UdP 4^-4-^wvwLi..) I Ld cii J-) (jl lj-^- (J — <a — 5 1 ^<aJ <uj_ J
4 _/^*“l © J)jg J- (jl IjJJ i_\JLo_> Jj>Lwv^<>Jl (^_Lp| ,^J2_9 4 J->cJl
O Jj>*-J| o-Lft 4 LLaLa Ij— ^- i (*pJL) (jl LwJ-P JjL-s^cJl ^-9j)
t=>
UkjJ (Jj <■ j jAaa Jj-oaS 4l$0j '^ILSL'I *— * j*- 1 j*J i _ 5 lllj 23 AjI^LuJI
(, ^ l»
^a3J>t-A> L-L*j>-^ t j^oopl cl J y>tj ; < J I L-Lq*2 *- La LI C l^j^^-I-a jtL
jpUlj (_£-LH 0 .iL*JI jkL)l 4 oc— Isj ^LL^pj/l l-Lft Aoc— b ,j_P jijJI _L)J-«o
d-> jbLo>jJ' cjI j I , jJz*j c_s^L v 2 -> 4_>-*j-jc!l LiIaAj ■.
j j j ^ 1 .. X j j oJ j_>T^<cjl ^ ^j— «JI /j_j j-Jl cUll! jl l
( j-* 4 Aj -Li I (j-o oAj_i Lo-g-o t i-^ 3 ^5^-i I \. I dj“>b>bJLj
j- -P j*_fjli t ciiJi jf ‘tj j-i j/ jd“Li^ f-lj-iil Ibli dLlJI
jl L^dSbkj jjj/l O Jj>c-J I jl t J—ajlJl I1& A— jo a a
.AoUl j-LL ^ -v g 1 3 '
<>
iiiJi jV-iil
s' Irf P
Lgo . jL^NI ULi^jI ddl
^^-OsJ! L^Jaocj ^^lil jLSos'Sfl ya ( _ s i_v5'Sll jjjj-toJl jJJ^ y£- y>J > I
76
liDU N ajJJLo LgJ jli (.^^-jLkJlj
.(_gj jJIj ' — ’ jj t L^^JLj LfUasj jjj jl$Ls\ l l
\^jd t ^il ^Jl L^J ii->|jj>-'yi ^S"L>tj ol L^SCojj
^,p & 1 ^ ^ &
c o j>“ j- 4 L^-jI jJ Lo-S^ L^-o-AjJo j c Lo jJ-*-« ULSC^j Ls^^-v2j>^ lisj L^-J
^s^il 4 j jJSjj oj^J l _ 5 zJI Jl£j L^uwjt^ !_£>- j*J
4j 1 S (_j L«^gJ i 1 <3 jA JJj3 3 ^ ^ I ^3 I ^jJ L$ (. /j-o2-J 1
j^Aj-JI U-a JJl* ^1 0 Jjl ^ JJUjlj N
(Jllta ,^_3j ^*-4 ^_jLi>- J-S" a^S^s iS^ ^ j ^Lp
0 ^JL> ol c ojL^^I J^S” ^J~p Cy 3 oL5 Lo-> 4JI
• a' -/3 -pj' O J-4-V2J) (JIj J-^j2_^>c_<>Jl Oj-SoiJl l^lJJlj J ./? 3 j_P
j_>0 LJ ^Aaloa j^l Io_aj c *tJL> Lo dU-U U^J 0 jLl*j jl j c 4^Lw>Jl
oLJl O 3 J Ol IjJ^Ssl^j . jJi LOj j->*j
Jl3 Q 1 J^w^C— ^ ' I i-XA Ol OjiL*— 1 (0 I L*-*-*-*»*^^$J 4»*s.^\-lj C ^ y*J J& LJ
.1 JjI 0j>- j
L*_>l t^ljiip'yij o j^-v ? -*>»3 1 /^u ^ ^.aJI ol »*LLta ^i*i3
'y [^LSipNI] ^yUJL jJbco t Lo jj-*-^ ^ jl U ^
^j_U j-A 'Vj ; olj^Aj £-*J?j>x-l j-A '^>Ld t [^^Uj>cJl Oj-o-v^-oJ!] (JjNlj
LdcL-o A^wvizJl Oj^Jo jl ( /ya wL)N Jj .cLLJI C-^A COJ-O' ( 1 _5^° 0 <l ^-Jl
JJ ^fj\ <L+^j-+^2S>nj\ A-^*-s3 jJI ^jJ3 LJ-0^ ol . ( ^ r ^w^>L>'^l J-?
( j^ j& L^isls t <Lw^j-s^2_>iJl Jl^l ^>5 JL>- (Jl ^jJ ^aJlJI Lgw3
^dlwAj t J^3 Jj»J>- C L« ^j-s^ 5 JJ3 ^j!jJ>cJ| 0^ 0
^Jlp ^3“* «^LLJ^ jj_^/2jo o! c coL_*_J! ^j_3
^j-P C-jLLo>tJ> ^jcLvsw>-| jl J j-«-0> 4 _aJ>t^v^?-J j j */7 "_1| ij^-A j , 4 j oI>3NI
. L^jJl<>j>~ ^s ^LaipNI IoaLa ,oO_^J| JLj>JI ooL<»jj-^j
^LaIpI IjJLLP (_£jJL) Lo *JolwO>-'yi j ^>5 L^J AjI lLU^
77
JJl J y^2S^>\ <A -^ j *• <:lus ^^ J ^ J jy/?-> ^ Q - J 4JL>e_s^
/jS' Uu ^j_*i L w»^J>- 1 4 <C-P 4_*Jw^-j ^JJl \sJij S.*/3-> j ^J>t_;
oJ^iLo ^Lp <• {$ ^3-1 oL^ob l] y > ^ J j^jbJj ® lSj^ bojj^ ULi <. iita
IJ-& (1)} . 4_^v^o "^LoJ I wU_P ( *L3 jJo Uj J^2-J 4j J_*_v^ Jj>“i bi 4 ^lLJLv^
■j^ -• ^ >
k_s‘)ll>- > ^l ^y^jy jI5D j t j;1 ^y-C- 'H j j.^.." S'
^Jl ^S” ^_>c-U *)\JL>j I ^Ul ^ j - ]l dJ^
•ci>'
Jj><u (ji jL>J I J-& c-j2j j^^-j (J jl>o b)l U-1 p <l)b5" ^J
Cl ) I bwj^P ^-3 ^ U5 bo L^ 4 4_b^>t^*i\^ ^j C) j. ^ 0 j*~**>* £ ' ^--Q- ^J I 0 w^» &
* — >y>*-j ^*J <y (JI*jLI j! $ j-Jl j y-^ y^ y
^JL^JL^Jl yj* ^ULl-p^I .LlJ J-JS yj> ^j^wwwob_>-S/ I o J_*
4 JgJjJl I Jj*> ^jw^CO <ujp ^ r ^JLb> Jj>“! 'V ^ .j ^j*_JlJ I twL^J y/2_>i^c>J\j
£-aj . 4JJu*> c$ JJ I b^o- N U c 4iaj>J J5 4 ‘Lwwil y y^y. IS y 3 ^ J^ 5
4 \jL*y> y (J^b>o 01 y* OjO'J ^ 303 di!.>
I j^^JL> UJ y y Jj> ^^Jl yZLy lllj^l ^3 4_i j}a}\ oJ-g^i
\jyy2-> 4 ^yy^>yiJS I jy^SU N j ^j-^J ^Libl.p'b/l (j| 1^1 (J^-^U 4 ^J J^xk-Sj
<i_l>x^Jl £y]iLL*~J Lo«o 4 IjLjJ 4 4jt>Us^J 4 ly J 4 Aj yyj 4 0 X>- J-Jil
jwLo J3 ^x3l iiUjS/l y* A^bJl &Sjb U)j^J . L&O yL^j ojy^SLi <J) \ IJ-jI
^ JJl ^jJfc JJl o jL^Jl ^J| J 2-43 wLs^JjJ L*_>l 4 I Jw>- A^wi-wwli^l
Un 0 bjwj| j S >-l 4 4-5 1 ^J-^ L° j'l
4 ^5UJl (jlj^-o jl j <1)1 L^c3J-)j 4 ^-JLc>cJl /^^Lvi^JI
^J_P Uv-d-gJ I bo l^lj ,^lL^>x-xJ|j ^3 Lft jy Lj o ^3 Juyj
s <i-L^>tx*wU uj •f-Low^'Vl < u>-l>- ^>bi [^^^<>Jl]
L^p ySj Lgj j-5j ol ^ laiL»»jL3 4 L^jbSbsl
U] «UJLw>Jl Cl^bp ^_^^x>Jl yJb yj (1)1 U^»SUxW^ . 4JuSU<iw<>J I c9 ^J®Jl
/sbol 4 bo ^->tlJo 4 j3 Jj .(jbojJl^ (jlSboJl [^° b^idl jJ
78
Lo.5* t j .doLS" Lg_>l L <*S LoLo_> 1 0 ^* 1 Jl Lg->ljJJ cLu-.pI
^j-a <j La c^Liup^l La j-A-*-^ i-ij-Ui jl oLuA .J-j-uJl 4_$Li_>3 ^_Lp
^UJ l ^LlajJl jl *W?L>Jl <L*-wJa Jl ^3 JJLoUj ^ ^LilP^I jl ^£jAJ|
^j-aJJJ (jjJJI ^3j t La j^^2j A-J.j' ^3 Lo^jjj cjLSo^U ( /^jjJJl
a^LSJI o-La jl j j^ulSI I i-La j j*lSL>J jl>c_<Jl aJL «._3^ipI .L^_>
** ft. f.
<U>_— I ,j5\Jj .4 Jj 1 — > 'Jk> UsliJl Jt^XUvj ol UJ j yyj _iij - JJ .^"ll ^5
LJiiJ jJ > j oUxc^l Ls ^ LJaA-j? L5 (. jjb <J ^jJl ^JLJL>Jl
t lil .4^>l*Jl oL^>Jl ^ Li 15 L^j LLo _l?-Ij ^(5 L^-o-^aj
La j-* ^La^p^M jL jl ^sj/t ^j-a ~L*->I ^\ jl Luijoj *}Lj
^j-yj ( j^vA>- \j£- oj^LjsJl jlSojH tj^ 1 j*~ / *~ > -9 ^ ,j-®“L^ 4 j
L^Ip £-L>cjJ| C ^juJI^ jjjJl l f . L> . » J jA ,aJ^>ijaJ 1 UULoA jj
^_SL>UL<Jl IU--_oJ| ^A L^Uo ^Ju*_> x-)J t ^j-A-LJl ^3 LgJLjJ t^L^o-A^yi Uj^o
p «• 90 r 1 p p
C ^^U3 ^3 jJ> I ^_x>ww^I *>wj (L) jf 1 Ul La ,LJL*3l ^3
^ «#
|Jl& I ^A>- PLkj jl .ojj L> woJl Li ^iJl Jyj li_*_J_a O J-L 2 JI jXjj
ia -00 ( _ 5 ^l aLj^/l J5 (_^lj 4^AA>tjJl jJJ.5 ^\ Ljj (_J jijjj
** -- >
4 jj/l ijj_vj>L>- c5l5 jJ L§j>- ^ 5-lj Lg_«_^jlj t<u
jLSoS/I oi-A jl .L^SLLoj Lgjl 1 j^pl jijL*Jl j ol — i5LI1
AA-ja>c-o j^x^lJl ^j>l ,jy>*-As*^a j °i jl5il li I
f- ^ ^ ^ ^ Iri
jl c U%l ji l^lAJj c j-Sl La ^->L> 9^1 ^jI l |jj>-
y, f. ^ X ^
jL j»_LwjJ L-ijJajjl oj_A [_p! J-a_>eJ_La
'■ * 0 (, #* “' (
U 3 L 0 -A JJ 3 J ^-0 ; Lw= ULLj 0 j 3 J— j| Ij j-j3j j ^LilP^I
jl jU3 1 o^Lp oIjLc j j-y2-l)l <-*> j^/2 1| I JwA jlj C aJLL>«-<JI
C j— I i j^a j j_$o <U I J-iUP I ! ( j r « 1 j>>e-U J I 0 ^5 1 jJJ L>-
jl^ aJ ^j_AwLU ^ UULwL-->_P jl t UuLv^l ^jJ3^ I OwlA L^9j)
.ji-pl yfcl j^jjl 0 j-A ^«J>-jJ
79
jlSbsS/l yj Jsuljj c~oli1 Ji jl .Jy ya LJi=-j! L IS wii
Lg_j*_« Jj jj Li j-L 1 ! j_>- j_ 5 -L^ 0 .i j_J jl Ls 4 _j|j 4 0 .ij-(L«Jl
L~*4>-jl bS -UiJj ,4 j2^j 2^X> 4ja-ja3 a 5* LuLjjl Lfls y>u 4s >- jjj l^bjSjb^a
^UjJIj 4_il_jjJl ( _ 5 -& t 4 -j*}Lj ^1 oJ-fls ^pIjlUI jl Jul jiLli
l ^ yg *j U jJsl jj- ^yj! oJL>- jJl -kjljjJl ^ykj (.4^-v^Jl 43 jA_*Jlj
jl t ^j-iLjLJl ^ l? « * Q-i i «»%«_ «.. 1 1 t X—J
N | .‘C^jj £^131 l)LJ^ ^y 3 4 4J^LiwQ CjL>-jwLi j-&j tJ^UsLisJl
» tf * tfp.
4 ^JL ! ^UJl 4 j j^saJI Jj?- 4*1p < <£3jIj L-ftl_A j j * j <^1
J^>S\ Jj3-| LoJJLP 4 0^ 4Cjli*)\_*Jl 0-L& ^0 (jjl
4 <uLLs J j-vAj Ja.rfLS 4 _^wAwLi N 4 0 JJl ^J-P jl Jj-^l jJ>Jl
4-ijjJaj <Cw« ^ OL? Lo^o IjLvj ^ oj3 j_jj| Jj) Lo_)|^
4-i^-p L^-> (^-Di cLLta (JL>cJI ojufc ^ Jlo ?(^jj>-l
jl olS^Jl JU- lLUu^ cj L > cJ t ojus> cj IS” .J j-*j2^>JIj 4— ^-^Jl
J-* (_5j4>cj ^1_p o_ 3~> LiiS" lyulil y5j»_) aJU 4 y j^-Nl j_£3L-»JI
. y* jJl J-S"
4 ( jUl^Jl LwS jJ*. j JjVl jL>w°j/l 4_g->- ( _ ? i-fr 4 lj| jl LJ
3j-*-J (jl 4 lip 4 (JjwL 0 JJ-U> 1_J L g.loM Lo (_gjJ ,v= 4J!
cJL^jL! jlj 4ojj-v2.ll kilb A-^ji <up bj’ j^- 9 ^J. oL>Jl
LojIj .o-L^j oj3 JJ-IpxXj 4^-ul jl < 1 >c-^j 4 0j5CtfJ! JLL U^ 9
jv-1 La-i-J-J ^-h 3a ilj 4 J^ks- J j-X-ioJl I jus olj^-l ^j-Lp jiUj^J
c^i r 1 ‘J i-i!l k> ‘pi ji t j-i .J../g Jl JjJjj 4_^Jj ojj y? ll ^3
Loi-3-j .aJI LijIsljJ 0 j_!xj La J-ojj-I 4iJL5 4 L&^j_v2-Lo
ya JuJUj (jl ■C>jol Ll^kJ yjsjjl jls 4 s j^2jivjJl 'LpJ OJj-vaJI 4jboli>
Lg_Lij-3- 4jyS- jj 4 j jjo (jl j-*-kLj la.i 4 iili jJsli- ojjk jJ^U-
j^jJl ^JajJLi ^_Lv LjI , r jyll 4 ^-oLp Uj jiS l JLiijNl k_LUJ_i
80
j-LJl 0L cL«Lo| /ys lo bis l L«Lo| LJ
Lo jJJh oX-*J ^5 <J .J^JloJ <jjl /^>0 LJ| 0 j-J)b>3 <\J|
. a^jLp
4_Lol 4-obj^Jl <bLJ jjlbbi 4jLjJl ^yj jJlU -X*J 0\ /^SL-J 4jj J
4j b y jp] o3 oLa LLo jX*Jo Lo coL*3 t 4-*_wJaJl ^vu2j
^LS'jjp-xJl dLcJ b>-j Oj j L>_>1 p, frjb c LLa-L ^^2 -LSLj
fl L->Ll ^IjLv^I ^3 3^_o^>c~<bl jJ V \ cJL^-5 S yi^ i— i?-9 1 j)~o-Jb
st* V 3 <^yry 'j-b y^ f-^'j <-£-&* jj *^h
vj^_lLwJ J ^&i yju jL) i <-oL>Jl j—p 0.-L— *_JI e-L-^bM Lbb
JlSbil Ji l^>- ^>x_X3 bjLojj ^o LjI . .p^SL-L-o
‘»—- 5 j-^ (JlSlLSM oJ_b j-^LLl J L L^-L^j>o^ t ^Lw-vJ^ J
Loj^ d^bv»>tJi oLp yjp c ^jy\jis- JLLo bj Lb L^o
L-b _^oUl lj_A JJLij i_s^J -'laIj.^ /j-A j-j-S"! p-* _jJl (_^-3 jrb
o^i_A La. . 1 4 ^.. * wi t L^j ^
oaI_p| ^jS 4 jL»LjJI J j-*-^ j! c .ax^N ! !a_* aaL^jL^-oJI
oi oNL>Jl J5 ^3 jlUl oLS 1 l«Jj .Iaj>- oj j-al jlSoNi y\
ijLj ^~ $i b» v— >jL>tXll o jij j/> hJ jla i^a!j pulajlj <U^i ji L^V j
• ' jj L uJ ! 1 —'^ ^ — ■ I
^-JjL>cjJ| aJ_ft 0 jJ /^o -XjJj jl L_lSn-owJ
jLj! L^-L<j^w^ j~S_x~j w ^.r- 0 J^ - '
\j£* J 5 oy$ /^-O jL*-> o'l-www^JI i)\ *• ^L-sbxJ!
t<jli oLp^v^j^JI jSJL) Lo Ll>Ij c jL^b 1 !
E L J ^j-o Lo L-^a^ ^ t Lw^l ^>J i»_-<5-b.,^^»j ij>L Lo bj L v jP^*~
L^-A^ (_J^~*~i ‘*- j Lp^»v :? b| .j-w*ib ^Lbaji
y~* < (^y~^ y~^^ y j-^->c-Jl /v_$LJj l 4_-ww-o*)Lj Lo ^Jl LLj
81
O LaOlP J . oJ->cJ ^Jjsd (^'■^ oJl>-^ ^-A d^
Lo- 4 <. ’ 1 ^Iwwo-J 4j Jwv^> La j U C ^d> J L*-* 1 kx^Jsj d*J
Ail^w^Jl ^Ss-iCil 0^ j)J^ C O ^X^La wL*j ^Lp dd$"
2r^J •(*-^ p “ (d-^ ^ri t/ j-' 1 ' j' ^li-Lv^l f-^ q?1 L5*
(JLsXj^I ijl fr^jj c ^vo ^x 3 iiLUl iJL>J! Ipj^aj^o <1>L> L«J
j-5”! 4j^-w>- d)l *V aJo-j (jULoDl ol Lj \ c J t -§-^* 1 Lo g ’. ■ i
( 2 ) '*-'" _ . . *"
. j^iLa ^Lk.1 J j_>-J elJJ.}J (. ,j2> j5\Ji!l jjrfO JjN
(^JJi j-JLJI ^j-wP 4_^_1JJ j! dLlj ji £_JaJL~*j JL?4 *y
LaX_Jj (1 ) jjUxi o.ij_*_xJl ^loli 4 ^j^oLajJlj AjLILJI ’• ( j^Xsl)L*_U
LjLp aUcl>I c^ULJl j-a (j-^jL-aJ'j (Reliques) jJL^-L
4 ^t— ^_L j J_j PU->t_> ^xJl J j ) ■’ ' jl (jL^L^LM ^j£* Jl
oloJl clJJj 4 (■')lj^J LjlLaJl olorjl -jf- (_£ jil J (_P js! Ij J_v^j ^-^-JaAJ J
jjU>-jjt J-vi-sl J-?-l j! aJI Sll .L^j f-lxxsNl jjSjj
jj-uJLaJI dlli AjC^jS La L L^JlP J-v2->sJ! !ji -XC>JJ ( _^X~vJu ^}\
«Naturane nobis, inquit, datum dicarn, ail errore quodam, ut, cum ea (2)
loca videamus. in quibus memoria dignos viros acceperimus multum esse versatos,
magis moveamur, quam siquando eorum ipsorum aut facta audiamus aut
scriptum aliquod legamus? Velut ego nunc moveor. Venit enim mihi Plato in
mentem, quern accepimus primum hie disputare solitum: cuius etiam illi hortuli
propinqui non memoriam solum mihi afferent, sed ipsum videntur in conspectus
meo hie ponere. Hie Speusippus, hie Xenocrates, hie eius auditor Polemo; cuius
ipsa ilia session fuit, quam videmus, Equidem etiam curiam nostrum, Hostiliam
dieo, non hanc novam, quae mihi minor esse videtur postquam est maior, solebam
intuens, Scipioncm, Catonem, Laelium; nostrum vero in primis avum cogitare.
Tanta vis admonitionis est in locis; ut non sine causa ex his memoriae deducta sit
discip!ina».
Cicero, Deflnibus, Book V.
82
LgJj>Li t^jJ! IJla 4_pLaoj 4_jLj j! jSLol Lo ISI Lai .jlo
j-AJ 4 L$-J J-a-fl-iJ L $Sj>zA (jLS 4_jlj 4 43 j- 3 ?— > 0_>tJ Lo Lo J_J O- >LS
4o <dauj J» 4 Lo ( JpJ 4 4Ao OjAuLvO IjUt Lg_L*->t-i jl-APl
*L-iVl aJJj y~^ I— 1 ^2— > j-^ Ji — Ji3 ^-«^2-3 1 aaaJLj 1 L^°
> t-
.01* Lo 4jlJL>- ^jp Lj^4>tj' ^Jl C(_5 jS-Vl]
^j-o j ja« v — iLp jl Up Jo?-j IaJ JjJus jL^L IaJLJI LUl JStAAJ j
4-J 4JLL*AaJ| aJ J&3 j_«Jl I j_A (jl ^jJlJI ,j_oJ 8 4 Jj
jljJL 4 <uLJN/Ij 4.0 — »3»J! LjLJS JS L j^>x^jj t jii)
jAj (_$ _^>l o oJ_£3 4 0 U 2 JJ! lLU. 1 ’V jJ l^Ao U ^iaj 01* Lo_o L?-i
.olAoAi US U.J! Ao^j L^jI
jLiApNl (jl j? la ll eA_A J-i 0^ LaaSLo— ij
jji^J jl .jSCa| L<j ^ ij t ^LiXpl Loj3 J-& j^Jl
ji o ^ wLaIaJ LSI j-o I lls tj
^jp 13 jLS\3l j-jl> ^1 aL-SC^kj "V c l -w ^ -L) ! jl jj>Jl j . ULL* J-?- j
^ULp^yi ij,„A ji li yj\ .Li>- jj >-j_> c-s^Ji jl ji *y | o — ji
jJuLo-A3 SjjO jLS* <. ^j.J J^-cjl jl o Ly3 ~l*jl ^j| LqJL*^-
^jjJJl jj.vajjl a_> j^w>Jj ^J^LStJI (JLio'y jwL> Lo^3 I ^_p
t — ^jj tjUJl ^lsL>- ; LlaLa Lo^aLj
j} . I Q Iftj 'Vj 4«wJL>uJl jl j^-v^2-Xj jl ^Jl
.JJ5aJ 1 V J ^_*-jl^jl (J| L^ 5 I JL& ^-Ul>cJl
JLio'yi lj-1^3 (JjI jL5 Lo-lj . L?03 Aj J^>tjjl J oLxJl Ly3 <lL/?I
ojj-*^2j jl c — — g-AJ 1 o Jw^c>tj 4jli t { j^>\ y>^>\ fUi 9/^p-J? y* y*
o j>vjl j-LUi L j_> jjU j JwO*^ <lLj»z-<>-U j ^1 y# 4j y^J o^3 J-J»l
l 'y> J 5 U-Li 0 Uajj ‘Ln^ 1 4> W^i J^d .o Lj-o
j-^y L^wLLp t ^y\ y>J}\ AjSyJj ^L-Jsaj'y I y* L^iuX'l ^^C-3 1 jj +/> jl
83
oJli ULa ^iLSl ^yyi\ o y L i_r^ J l 5 ^ j '
jl ijL>c_oJl ( y* jl £-* L y° J ■j’-j* _p (_5~
j* c/ ,> u^J ^ t/dJj ^ ^
r* ij* ^ %
Lp-^^3^3 0^ j o| ^ o^JLlI c _L&> ^jjLw ^ La ^
a a «*
y y & ^aJLj a\s-ij Lo y kj y~\ ^\y^* y° ^ 1^ j^ 3 ^ \yp^>~
4jlL*d»Jl Ljl?-bUdk»4 Jj> k l_£d<Ojj jysjjl oJ-<>-P ^jA idJJ-1
y2-jX-A ~L>j jl Ja_>JI ( j_«J aS\j 2y>-yl\j jX-ilijJlj
Lo-)l yp\?~ ^y£? yA yA JLio'yii kO y^jjtj yA ySs*A-l ( _yJl djjjLjjl
. 4j ‘ 1 -L V !zJ| d-J j 0 ^SsjjJJ Ajllaj aj£ idjl j*>JI £-yy ^
I g jl ^^>c_a O’ y-^ 1-^j Oo-J
y£- '-*.: - l?, l | y y^ ^ kd>l ^Jj^aJl ^ .J^^l
a3jLwj L^ji cJl5 li"l j j ygj ‘j lijlSol jl A>aj LijU o *>L/?I bJ ^jX*-a
i^jjj^iJ! J^ildJl jJJ.1 !X-« oL*Jlj .AjOv-JaJl jLtt-pl 4-jj-l
jjLo- Jl_^=-I /^o (Jj»- Jj' y2 loS jJL^a J_>j_*jj t U-^ J-> cJL^2-i'^ l-'- = T"
j yjsj > Jl jij t L^jljj>-I /^> Jj” (^jij iyL~iNl
l^jl ^1 ^ ^>- olp j-j> ^Jl jJJj a J>J yA ^y^y , J
U5 k ji 4 a! A /? ] 1 SjjIaJL CJk9^^-4 k
LoLSCLa jLoJWkkl *b/j CkoLl-ij JkjL^kJ 4jJ4*yi-a
OjkX>«J /vjJJl kliiJjl jl .“jjJl d-J^adJ Vj w r? ; * ,i "^
i* * p « • • . -t
l^oLi \s> js^p jj* Lv&L& o ^ j2_L_oj a^jIaJI ^J-L*Jl
*< P f- #■ c-
«lJwo-xJ 1 oJjfc 0 i L>* c Lg : c ^xJl 0w ^-^ I J-^Llj
t <l^'LaXJoo s ^>3 ^l^jLsLi^ C->N
oii j-L?x-<Jl £-^s>- p-ULJ Ijl>- ij jj>- ooL5* UJ ^-v^LxJtj
J^J'
O L<>jo I i) L5
ol
^Jo <^k_> L 3 t *0 J 1
84
jj* L-a 1 4jU_o_p ^3 j_ii La_j| JJjjJtj c L^JLp 4_lajL)<_^J!
<J^jA“L/I (_^ j-*sj 4 ^ ^ iljjilaJl l _5^-° <J^L>- aJl
jj ,4 _JL-~jN1 SU>J! jJj*-! j^> Ja LL>- J 5 I ^3 ^jJLidl e- j-^j Ua jtJJ
Jjtjijl I -La J-L« 1 _5-L f " (j-^j- 1 <-L 4-*-*-JaJj 4 _ijL>J| a_o_SL>JL) J-JL/ 4 JI
L° j jj^Ll -hS ^yjLSj-l JujO J I Lj oJj^-*-> J^aJ-L! <_£jj j-s^aJl
jJs j 1 j_SoaJlj sLj>«J| j j-fLs Jjl ^Jg.i -lij tAjLU-«-P ^Js Ug j-cJl
_lj 4-*-. ig 1 1 <jl LpSj .AjtiScLojl JjA-Ul d->lp-bu^»pl JyP 0 j^SL
.<? «Jl jv-i-f- L-Ja_*_j (jl 0j3 JLo_*3l~u 1 LxjLxk-Lc-
^ j a'.'i Sjj L-3 OJjSj clD-LS C ^>-jl j->jl cll-L iJ ^>t-> 1 ■'L-iSpL/ Ij
(_ji ‘iix.vij coils’ (_5-L!l iiliJ 1 — >jl>c_<Jl <_£
/»L»J 4 L^J ( _ 5 xJl (jjJjJlj olj^oliJl lL>l jJj t ‘L3 »-jL>J1
1 jl ^y..lg "1 .<v ! 1 ^ jP*c-oJl I jjt l pj) ->^J 1
.^L-i‘S/1
j jjl .L* ^iy 4 Mechanical SjLjJll Jl ^1 ^J| o-b> LJLai (-:■;-)
La | y V <LL>ll> JJh Jl Jp ( ^UUI jJxs* ^LJi
. Lla La 4j jj j~j3
85
(y/$
<0 Jl « J. y-iS
Ll^J jli t<ij_^ 2 _!LS’ jvJUJl UJ jj^wJ 4 JI
j ^3 Uyl y~p JplwX^Vt j.* < 5 ^ j^JLJb'Jl w^-UL
P ^ 3*
.yiaJl jl jUxpNI ^yj Ip jj Li o_b»J
jl 1 oL>Jl IJla i» la >- t_5 J-4J y_a ULb (jL»Jb>-i 4_5 N 4_<iJi
t ^JuLi^Jl Jp j ^ _ lg . > iJl ^ u_ilyj U jJJLi j ..iil.}
p p ^ j
j\ ^LdJLp'Vl ^Jjl 4_>-j.> 4-LP OJ-J>tJL3 ^-^Lj
^Lp LwJLaj LJl ^-Ls 1 4-*^ l_^.L'Osj <w^-jI>cJI dJJwij
p. * 0 f.
y_a oLg->- £_>jl ^^-Lp y-^ 3 l-bs-lj IjsJ_p jl o_L>-lj ojj-si? 2 j-)
~ * s' C- P
^1-P i?IJLJl ^j-' 0 J"' 5 ’ - ^ l^->-l^ l^vLP jl 6 wL>-!^ fij ^ C 4_jL^J>-
^Jj^I aJ j j_v^ ^j-p <5 jjJI jjj-wu (jl <JL*jl>-I 1 <u^>-
4_Jj^3_Lx3 <l^->* ^_iJl 0^ J L^-^*** ^1 ^^J-p
llajj 1 a^Jalll o-L^- L*oJ»~/ L« lijj (J,| J.S” iJ jJ .JL-^Jl ^»JLa> (l)
Nj .\js- yj (j! t 0 ^U! OjAJ (jl i 3JIS t Jw^Jb>til ( jjO 4j\ (J jjjj
ijl t^L*Jl JL**-*-^^! LjjJ ‘LfijUz/i Lj? y>- <. LlJ_P <ul
j\ ^iLjJJ LjLSLo jju *)1 4_j jj>«jJl /^s L>e_>t_>- *Lta j!L> .o^Lojlp^Ij tiLtalj
87
e * ^
jlSoj ^51 cjLoJj^Ml olSl! ; oJ^>~j
aUwo-xJ| oJl* j-Lo Ai .i-SUj^ U- ^iSl '^wL>cJJ Ll^. 5 IoU^pI
z^jwLU JjL<yjLw^ L^-L^Uj . 4 ^_jj«) j\ j\ <Uj_SCaJl
m (■ a * c-
.(_j^Si Jjlj aiLo Lv? Jp~ J^> b i^jjj~~xj
^x~> j 3 ^JlII iO-i>Jl iwJi^uScLwj Lo-I^p ^jjs jJl d)l t L^gjJu j-Lo
4 -AjJ>-j ( j^ 4 j>-j J^S" jLL^I j-Jj«-j AjLs i.} ^jJl \jjk Jj_a 4 _w<ij ^jS*
Jl 5 Jj«j>iJ jl ' 4 jlJL>J! j^JLp is-L/aJI cfJJij .JL«j^>-N 1 ^jL~^
~L>c_J Uj j\J ^ .LaL<*_i L^aJLo ’ ^ 3 4 jwo-s^_^aJ^ 02 ^jjjjl j^l^X^*-^ I
^..JiJlj L>-o jS\ ^^JJtO’xJl ^ll ^./j Ai_ Cj_>- jJl I 5 Li_J I iJ_*Jl ( 1)1
L^_J_f- jJU, ^)jl oJ_>J_*Jl O’ Ij LSja j! I 4 _^j_ij J_LP t 4 _iL 3 t jJO’-j/l ^Jl
|jji> jl . 4 j JljjJl jjSlj t O Jj>*Jl jJJi (w^Ail to ^- 0 -jM 4 j>iwjujl
jALo jsjJCj t jJ J j=~Ij z'yifi oA> ^Jlp CjL>wJ SwUJ (_£jL 5 l ji Lviil!
^gJJl A^>^ 2 i>- ( 3 eljwL>rJ! <JJJ.i ^IaXpMI ^Lv^l c <L*^JaJl
JJl Ml ^Jj| ^ M J coU^JJl ^ Jit Sjlp Ml cJLi-J M
^_a j_oJ j^.a /2 > ^LixpM I d)L> Ll<>-Loo Lo $ jj L<^
d)l c 4jww>c_^-jl j ^ ^>t->3 (^_^>- Ly?-j lw> 0^3
oli^jJl jl C^L>t,<JJl oj_fc 0 l .^wwvJilil oJ-^
«* ? >
tAjlloJlj o ^jJl |juj>! l^Jfl XJJ t<n>tx>jl Ljflj OjjjjJl
4,1 p* X p* . p ^
lLUj t jL>cjL> J-&J <• L*» ^jLio OjM L»u 2 jM I J £-1 j-AMl Ju«->t ^9
> f.
^LilpMl L^J ^ A 3 Vj ^Jl j I iIslj-v 2 ^Jl
(JLo^ip-l JL>eJ|
(jl}\ To Turn Tip ^J_*_«aJ! P'Ij'y ojL^Jl o-La ^jSLg-i \ ( jju ^ I ^j- 43 ) j[Jl^>\ (^iO
Ja_) ^JJ! jJl jl *>Tjo 4_^J ^3 TajjJl t — Aju LoJj^ h j ^JJl jJl Jl
.TiUl oJlpI ^ 3 c?^! J AJpj\j> o^wJI oJlpI ji Jp 3 jS\ LoJC«p
88
(J j^J3ys Jlj ^2 y\ jjJlj la" aJ-S^ i jl^vu*b/1 t> >Ls^u'yi
j»l j>*-i\ O^L?- SJ-?-!j JL>- ^-Lp IJjI jvJj t L° j_v<a->«-^
c-LoJIj jj^LJU as y**-a jbJl t L^J^c- ^s jl |»UiL>Nl tb_&
p_ 1 LJ_i U jjli a^_oL>J|j ^jjJL aS ^>J l <Jjj ^_)j ^ j*~*
J®l L b^" <_r^ ^L^Sl! ^2ju aJI 'y \ .|»^Jl -A>J f-Liu-j! 5ji*j
(, o 0 f > & t
Oj^yi t Lgj^>- Jw^woJL Lj.s jjj^Jl a^j Loj t LJL j Loliiol
oJ-fe (jjl l>3wC-p- aJI N .aJ^Lj ^-o JSJ jwL>t-o-j
tiJJ^ d)^j-*j 'V AjLvo^^LiiJl JL t j_p e—
A^iinJl ^jJaLAJ (1)1 J J-v2 l I (jJ
^— ’ ^— •— I ( ^ (»— *j lj | £ * w)— 3 t < —* Lj ^5UJ L-^t— 1 I A— w — <— 1 I
LJ* ^a ,. [>]gT L^Jl^-JL aJLLc^JI LjI^LjjlJ^ LjNJ/w\jl*J JL JlL
J! (_5^^ coIaJI (»ii^oL$* L»— ^ . JL^^j 1uA_^oJl ^j_^j aJ !
JU Ljl_>* AjLi t Lj L>- L u.a.a^i I JJ ^*jajL*vw<Jl ( _^-v^LoJ! JJLl>
JjJlj asU jJl ^-ygab eL>-b»Jl U_*j jj c jJl jjblj ^Ua^-iNl ^lj
* f- ( P.C- 0 . *
LL~J ajui>c«o (jl ljjj>-j U>~>- *^U^o ^jJ>\ &
Lp oj^ I jj-j t^jwS'LjjJl ^U>-5 aJ^LJujl^ Lg-il
<2*> jsZ£'\j t 1 ^v2?LoJ| aJJlj (_£>AJ Aji)jl>5_^Jl ijJJ«j
oLIw\j>-j LJ 4.J t/g ^ 1 LLl ,L^wL>Jl JL>jj>“^/ L J-j J j>tj (^jJ
Ml p ^ P
L_lp Ajli t J L^>Jj>Jl LJJ^ Jl AJLxj^o t LLjj>-
‘bjj U-^ <J^
^ ^.^SJa.1 1 jU toLLUi^l jl <oj^>-j U ^xSb^jl Lo t aJ ^^jjJJl
t 0^" L^° C Lj jAj A-ojJj'V' OIjUI J-L ^
«* f . f , t .
I -jj> ^cj>-jl ibJJji C j_jLj / ( _ s jLi 31 Oj->LS' j-g-i u*>b»-
^ l-b& b)^ ^
LwftLa .(jLo-JJl ^-Ail oljJL ^ b^ 3 k "' ^.J *• A>ibj>i-<Jl ( j^aJa'yi
L-^-u c (^1 ^-^LoJl bjJ-^-p Lb c 1^1
89
LJU
t L a j j-^-Jg *c^vL ^j_*_*_> *. 4,gJjL>t-^J 1 J-$* JJLij
♦ =* > p ♦
lAAj (. O '! jfl j-Jl*P Lil^j i. '^ksLa C 0 <LLo wL>-J) 4jI ^Ip IU_A jj-s£uS3
^-Lp « > k^L>^<>«JJi .^-Lp oLS” L<Jj) .ojj>*lj)
l]|^ jJ j->j t a_JLL?>t^<JI oJ_Jj_j^ A-j^_ij 1 4 j L& (. j_>-l^ J_>-
^J>»P 4_*J_v 2~9SM AP^-V? ^-ooj oU^fl A_*_o_wJ ^>»Lvw^-^l I
^AJlj t cpjI>LLJI ^j.^3 JjLo^> ^Jlp oJJw^j ^ ^Ls^-oJl
ijj! JjL>iJJ t j^>L>Jl ^]| ( _ y v’LJJ <cLaj (_£jJ 1 ^SvjsJI ^^Jlp ^o y^i
S_^a_ LaJl JjLjS/l Cy° aJLlaJlII a!_L<i>^JI oJjs> oLS'
* c- .
0 ^Jjli i_5^ vaj ^-d ^-° i_5^ L*tj • ‘'-j 0-i| t UjLW>j
jlj ~<>jrj>- j-^j (jl LgJ-50sl ^a lil (J^jI jLji^l 1 o jjii jj-p Lw?!j
4^»eJL*_a 4^>-jljJl C-jjjjjjl Jl aJlA j J -/?3 (_^JLo (j
.4jti jJlj ilijJl ^>1 ^pS 1 ! o^A
90
gld) (J
laLuj^l SjjZ~=>j&
JjVl p-JzJl
> C. „
<^-JLL>tJl ^Jl*J| 4.^a/ 3 L) jJl ^jjJ_*J| Lg-i ^ jh 2 - 5 L»lj-oJl ^-*S1 oj.
^ p
Lab L^jlj t o o->b LJ c bibb jJl ^ ji»Jl jLSbl <j_jb
,j«bSj (1)1 U>b 4 Lgjwb Calj~~ol)l (_J.il iijJj Lo jlp J. *u 4 03jj>oaj j
Lb 4 Ja-Lj 'l/j t_T^ (1) j-Xj jlbbSlI (j-? o (J -ba Lg.^3 -Is’LaJ'^'l
4 p
Lob .^abwb&Nb J. U-f 1 1 JabcJI ^! j 4 OjjI^lILj Ijal . < ll Jb-Jja
biij (_jil ijw l>c_> Lgb_bb>oa ,j_p ^*>L s b')/l (_jj b~)La 4bJib<Jl ^_oJLi
La blj .jjL>Jl .j-p <_bL*Jl jl 4 A-L„.b ^ il [ j^- 4 _Lj b jJl Lg_i ^xJl
CabSjJ Jb AjIbJo ^ ^jjkJLJl ^jJzj-z- 4 baJl ; g 1| JabJ J;| Li^_p
4 — ^j-a 4_o-J ( jbb pb La bl ^S>-J ,i_4jjbCjb «w3^_*_oJl ,1 3. A Ul
4bU Jb ^al^>Jl (_jbp [ jy2 ^j*a ~b ‘bwat! ^oJl jU 4 JoO^bv—O
4 jbbJl j ^ u ^aL?-l b-iisj'l (jbJj .LL^aij U»wb>!j Ibljb <l >- jJl
L^Jb cblb Lo-^-a 4alj-ft^l oL>-*>Lb-l 4_LLboa j 4 oLL^p
<* f J
LJ l LojI Li-0 o-J^sj JU c oj^<w5
. <w? ^JJ l LJ LJ5 aX/jLv^ ^j_v^ ol
oLp j-s^ JJ>-jjL3 \ LljN ^ Jl L^_.jJU JL^vJo
91
i Jjj-LLL j i wb-lj ^ j_yg L^.)l ^-§- ) b*JLoJ I
. L ~)JbJ I j^p
^J-P LbL-- jJ LI j yu iji f 43 jL>c^j ijj.J aLLj f ^SCSj
l ^ *Jz . » j La? ^-*-a \-^j y*s* ^ La1_j!^>j Lj cp~l*j w L^L>j Ip- ^La
t(_5jLDl Jl?- ^J| pjA^Jl oL* Aa^3 <Jjjj 1 ^>-Nl o*'
oj^oJLoJlj a_>cL , I jj I jLx 3^L JaL^>n ' 0! ^j-A-iJl ^i-p _ / w *- vj l oL L bis
(J ^i?l 4 _LL*>j ^JI*j L E^L-LJl aLp aJU w fw^-Us-^U
J< jUjI ,lSbl
jjLL jl
Ig-L-*-; J^P
jlSoS/l b|_j . j*_L*JI U_gJ apILp^vLI j_jjL>tJl lijUj t vajLI
Lji cj U>- Ljl^ N I jli i LLJlj ‘UiLwJt ?■ jj jJl ^-L—m a_jlLlJI
^.v? ai i _^Jl A-Ia.<.*- j-X_oJl lLj-LLJIj i ol. ,,p> L: Si oLa
,^J_*J lj j*bU! ^-Sl*-> t _^-'-SS j* jJudl ^3 LgJ^ bjLP .JJSI t Ap^^xLI
t ^JlJJ! J OP eJpL j LLi ^IS"! Lj j jbo M it£j LU l ^Jl jJl
i Lg^o Jp>- jj j 3 L-a jiS\
-V' S cr
. JL>JI ojL>=JgO^ 43 I I ^I.Jo j*s- ^1
LJ jL>- ^ ^jL**jVI ,‘^JJl j_jI ^3 O’ I jJaj>Jl L^*Jg 3
^Ja 3 4 ^^ lg.il J lajL t oLJw 2 ->- Lkj l)I
j£\j> c oi ^p^yi ^ji ij^j^ t ioLp ^3 *o^>cJi jb
y*±S* 1^1 J)\ < Oflij>cJl ^^-L*Jl ( _g^ IO^ww>&J y&
J jJg oLws^L^-il ^^3 oL j_x ll Jjlj .JiLiJS/l ^LoJl j jLSoVl
L« * 4 ^>t-o ^1 ^plw 2 - i ^j^Ul ^IjoI oL^Lujo^I
’jl_>oJl 4 j>-L>cJl L^S <• A^-^wJgJl ^3 Looij
^ ^ **
jji_*Jl kiJj^ 5 s-x>-> c 43 -Lv^ ^ *a_JLiSC> Lo I j^S o^LoJl ^^1 jJgjIj
<zj ^j>c_JI i ^3 o^Jo> ^ c L^ll 4 j>-L?»tJi _l lp Lg-. L p
5= 0
Jl 3 t jJ-o La ^JlP C 4^-d_L>cJ I ^LiL^LiJl OoLi LL-J J ) J)
92
(jl LJ I 3 (. J AwiJ Low a ^JJj 1 /^jJ3
<jli t^LJl lJus> ^ j^UJl Ijla ^o o jLaJ j_a LoJ jl_5 lil aJI
_L>^a ^jJjuw aJLUJ! 4-i^vJjjJl pJJL ^ ^Lp s -L^xJl
. fi a LiSsJ I J ^>J I
«* ^ & ' C- _ £•
Ls & j^tS' J-*^l c Laj^x^Lx^J! .^3 30 jXj ^xil j LSLs 1 ^a
t(_£jjjX-H iaLw'j^ll jl 4 LpLaJlj ojJiJlj ojJuLoJl jlSol <Ujjj
I £ I -A_gJe>x^_«^ . Lj t < * /9 -Aj ^jS Lx_a I L i^J ^jS jJa-yg-i I
IjLx^JUal JsLaj*)M oj-gj L5 ^*-<iJl ia .. .L (. J_sa2.aJl Ijjfc jwi
^ • ,| *
lwL& ^-(w^ aj o^-sL/^ La I ^JJl I vxJJ^Lj
. AiLJij! Lr" t/^ ]
u (■ . **
^ voJ>- (jl ,*y^° 4 ^wU2_j2j1 0 ««La ^3 La l^w zS
N (. (_$ L>~
Li I 9 Jua N
aJ^-^ 1 jj La I
(0
jIjL^j C4j| jl C CjULkll ,*ra L>i^wJ ^/ 1 LijlSol
• |— *-3 w^ 3 Lj jJL^a ,'j.^Lj 1 A g~^ j*— L--X^L/<>~J
^3 0-L^JX>-l JJiJ .^Jj>-|jJl lx^Lvj>-| A jg «*>l jj j\ LS P rj \J>^\ U_ojL-vL^1
J-s^zj ol ^ ^Ul 0^ ^ c W-Lp JuJ-USl Aw^aSI cJ-ii jy**^
^3 <32 J L>“ j-s^J jX-Sl ^Jl L^J <__*_^LXa J^wJa J J*>Li>- ^j_a ^LUl
wXis l aplui wL>cJ a^Ij^i i j^Liax^i Lwa <^juj\jii\ cij'v wLwj s y 1
(_$“L!l l_j2j A.L-wj I cp OwCj>- A3 j-J^a A-^S^-oJl jl5L3^i O »-*-> L)f
UjI 'Vj . Lg^> jlSLs ^ 1 _jl ^-vA?Lx«Jl cLLLL a l /?.?>- ! ^
(Jl^j'b/j C Aiajl^^j ^,^ 23 ! C_j2j vfcjl LjJ»i-XL^i jj j ^5 sj LaJJwP
Li_L^>- L j ^ L^_lc-L-w L 3 j c Ls^a LwLiJl LiJ^
03J->x^J aJL^^ L^Jw»J>cJ L c- ~ySsJ\ ^y> jlSoVl LLLj ^lp
^LJl o jj}\ J>- 1 ji ^ SjLjJJ w-~^j (Energy) aJ^ 1 ^ LsO
.v_al^ll lJu» ^ JI2JI o Uiil ^1 (1)
93
LLLp>j/l jl oLe-LiaJVl ( _ s 1 sj«J jl ?Ajj^LsJI Ilia jj aLJ
> ** '
ijji l*K ^ ol^UaJ^I ojuA <j| .jLSo^l d\Ju
c -Lais l.fl •>*« <3 ,i <l-L>- C-s-w^J j J-r^" ^ ur*J byfcUij
4_<oli JJaJ ^iJl jLSLsjh ^_o l_£jll-~ab_a bULb JLi Lgj-£j j
■Aj.Aj>- ■A J_t jl i Jj Jj>- yjyi jJJjj LJ jjJ>tJ ji
^jJ_*Jl ^3 IgJa^jl j jL$jj/l (JL^^ Lgjda-^ljj oljj-v2_Jl /j^a
La Jjloj W - ® p-*-"-® 4 U aSjJ-o y*~j ^fij ^y>- y^- 1 jl
■ La ^ gjslj jbjj/l y» lli>ej ^yS y j^SL jl J^SCw La ^>c^5 1
JsLjjVI jl jjLLl Ojji 5 J*l£Jl I ajTxJ 1 ^Jl llaj La bis
^Lp ji_*J i_y^~J ‘ o^LaJI oi_ft ^LJaJl bl yi^>^aJjAj c (_gjjj -b ll
(jl jr^-a-i ^yJl ^LwJI Jb ^3 AlP tj*>s-lU l ( j J i J l ! j r o JjJ^u ^l.lgi jH
i*
. L^_La (1 )^^j
UJl^p j ^Jl LJ ^_>- j-jg-o Lojj^p
j£ 1 (1)1 (O jjJLo 5 JLp- (Jl)Vi>- ya UjU c < jLww*j N 1 ^o-P
Cv — w-**Jl (Jj-*_ioJl wLJj 4^&\j>- y\ *)j j 4 ^£jj j+j? i^Ljji j\ j-JL)
A P w» ^ ^ p
iajj3 j^>ej Lajl_j .lJul aip 'y j^-^L! LpLu^-I Lo_&jl>-I j
«=* 3 s J
j:>jL_L 0^5 j_,P j.iLpJl ^ijJli tLL*i Lp^J
ll — oj I j_>t_ 1 j-g-liJ La A_LaP>- |j_A .A^jLiJl 5 jiUl ‘KS
1i_as \y* ^LiaaL j\ ^uL^p-L ja*bb *>b ( ^JfcjJl Lai .Lp>-jL>J|
f, ^
0 J3 aJ \j>- ^| ^w<KJ ^vwJw 5 L il\] J^i .C-’Lp y£> ^ ^ L^lll
OjJli 0 jSsJ^J y>-jj (jl Lo 4 (J %A«J| L>- y* A^&\s>-
'>- S )i 1 LajwSs J _>-1 (jl
■c5jj J^LJ jjll
J' j *
iUi
(J^l L 'ua ^ (J^^l J y ^ L? 1 1 J^_a L y^>x-i (jl l-Lil lllSLa^J ^
aj y-SLa (^1 aJpL jl j^jLJI Oj-li Plots' jJj .Alp xl^v (J jjePa
jL>Jp l Aj J~P ^j-a jLS’ ^jJ_5 (J ^*-ioJL yS-^J (jl LlSLaj/ l
94
. jJLoJlj j^Sjjjl 4 c-JlJl <U3
jl
oj (1)1 L^lSJoJ
4-la 0 1 j_j MjO 4— i-JLS^j <oL« BjJ 4_o_) ( j^_J 4 4_fl_^JL>J I ^3 j
4 JI LlL&jJ j! 4 oJp-li j\ 0 j-ujs JjI ^jp <L— v->Jl LipuLvs*
p ’" w * s . P4, f "
(jl ^plaX^-vo jj>~l l 5 ^ ol ^1 t LX-wJu ulJw
oblS LgJLS” di-Si OS’ jPsJlj 4 j">Lv 2J| OtiLvai 4,
V .Lgop Ji jj-T J;l ^1 Lbl jy. iS Vj t l^jli Jo- ^
UU; 4 — i *. j Ijjjs t^Lij t J-uxj j jSlJl _uaLi» ti-lij
llP 4 j I gK oJj/l jl jZ’tj ^lll o^jjl ^1 Bj-jjjl 4 ^ku£j jj
. —v->s— 13 4— — w^>c-l 1 L-— > 1— 4-vaJl l_s 1 f ^-4 l-bl Lg ».■ « i , c -i-o >\3 4
JaLjjj/l ^J-P lol .jUJ pjjj> 4 _^>-Lv2-o *>L*3 SjI jj>JI (jl «■ ^ ^ yo*eS
j j-So jl 4 I 3 I Jlx^JI ( j -0 .ojj»Oo jl 00-<4->00 LJ ( J_3 *)li 4 U^Oo
4jS/ 4 1^-La-P 40-‘j/l>- ijjV> ^3 ^L-^l jLlpI J-a 4.0O.t..o ajjjjjl 0 jj
j j5j jl Lgjjjw a jXaa £\ [^LJaj|] ( jp i—jjSj Ooj
/ ^a j£jd\ a Jjt J-^sl
j/ 4 ^j*jI _pJU jJuj L^k-S" 4 O— ^-^jL>t_ll OXjLp jwa^-oJl OO-jLS I .> l ^a
jl ^oLLU 0 jSLs Jjl 4 o jjLoJl L^-U-p 40j v yj>- <JjAj>- ( j-« 4 1— I j .. . Ja « ~
ya OtlOOa a jSsJlJl aj_& 40— )IS" jl jJ 2 .lX.l 3 4 (_£jJj-JaJl J?lJj*>U
.^jJj>-l3 ^LJsjI J^l (_jp iO-uLS' j}j 4 IxJ ,_5-Jl Ijjb^l oLI^p
J^OO LoJllP 4_J-3»- 1 JS J^j 0 jOjL»j jl Jj' ^3 Ul J yD jl Lxi$j»_)j
oJ_c- OoJ <ul fsjJl j-« li Ol 0 j-Xall ^ 4_L/2_9 ^ iS jJ 3 Jl JjOj (2)
10 li 4 Lgj>-lOl j-p ojali sj-lJ ‘UO j jl Ol Ll>* 4UX^I lij iealil jP
OL 4_? *4^-^ ^0 ^-^LjiJI 1_La. ^0^3 .ojOail 0 ^Jl tJN4P-.*Vl Lub 4ia ^-.| jj 0 ^ g o
Ul» jji t oU-L) ■0^.. — ;j OL/al tiijJj- S jSj jjijij jl l _Le- jali JV-u~ul ^ I -Otjj N
• Sj5la]l a3_* j-j^l j^^i jl l"4->l ^*ia2*w \ jN3I4-jNl
95
P K I F* . P p
jl c LjJwb ^LsA2jp| -Li jl ^J^JLvvJ t lLoIj! y*\ 5 j->w-j Uj!
I^j! __p- _i aS_p-J! o_Utj (Volition) 4^Jj<JI jl .Ljso oliCU
olj^AJ ^jjl ^JljJl lj_A jijJj Ljjj ,aJuJ_>- a j^JLi ULV OJL>t_> jl
^jJLSj IjjL&j i4_JpL<jJl jl aj^jjjJ' a LL jIj !-(jsPs . jJt 4ja_^l ^-j
o-L^ 3 t ajwjLo _jj. 3 t_> jP*“*yi •cLjL*_I O'LoLSLJl Jjij L^>jI
t jj~ao O'LXoP ^J> jukJl ^jp jJLmzJ C^IjU j5lij a ( _ jS ^*5 a ^SLaJI
j-Lji pL«j_p| ^_Lp o.jjjll Lg_»wjL<k-J l _ s -^-il i^ jSiJis . Jl \ ppj
.jj^jiJl oL$1L«j
v _jb o_~- jr* ^j' jUi j IwLft ^Jl
‘UjIj j-s_)LlSI |j_& (jl jl . jj-Jl f-Ls^-pl ^3 <JUj^>Jl
^/j l JaJj <j*>LP- ^3 j^ljj^Vl J^ 3 ^
j> j^_£o j- w) j o j J_3 ^1 a 4-J-plj ^ I L^ ^Jjjl
jl .<CP uji-ixJo iiliJ LpLbbL-*>| I jj& J^>cj^o J aJ^j jjJ I
J5 ^ jj-C'lj -CLfeJi] ^bi jA I LjJj is* y>-
. ,s .? K p
oJwA o^l L^j I A-j^-'jJl j c L^j JsLw^jJl LSI
cdUi jZi L^o l _5^'J ^JlP j_J-5j jl ^jP j^-Lj<_> jjj t ‘U_^> c _*j! 4_j_o_nJl
.Jjbl ^Jl |j_& p ij-s^li ULjl D <)>*-> jS \ l Jl? I-o-jj Jj
ljL*Jj J— il l-L_a 1 g ’.’ a ^ 4_» .,ia.)l ^2 4_w j* tSl^Ls
jj-j ^»jpj-o j>-jj ^_s!j^- 4J*>Lj“ t j^s i (_^jJl ^l^j>tJIj
oiLoJI j-L jj>o >— ba. 1 Si I ^lalpAl J"^- 1 1^ j^J-^ ^ ^
ol _jl t JL^bl jl c \Sj^ jbl c LJ jjb jJj , i v > ' Lj ^ I
N_J i ^>c-pl I j_& <-!^ l-'b t Lssjl_\-« ^2 i_ol j5Ul
aJLpU jl ^1 .ys-jJU L - 5j.>l U bj Liibj .LS’lj^l jp Jbul
4 -i?L-'jl i— j jlj j_»jL£JI lj_a i_j jl '^wj-P oli ta^ljjll
96
I !>Jj>-jJl 1 — SjJU jlj
(Jl y~y\ 0_>0_p ^b IjiLs U»_AJL>-j L^-j Oj-S\j .j-> j-* ' j^fsJl
•>^l l> ^oUl ol-0>-| i_f^
j-liJ 1 ijO_Jl &1 ■ .^ pI i3 yn-i 0 I UoSCoj *y <0^9 4 LjUj
t 4 j lO-P Lo ^3 (.5 Ju>=-) jl Iu5Uj 4jI U ^ W,....,J| yo
^ ^JL“ oljjAj 015 ^li t iilij I Jla jjUJl I JL» J.LJ
jtS L j ._u5Jl jl ^wJijjJl L^J ^»-ij t lj jL-JJI
'JjM J> L* j. jLo ^pI j US’ jJ Lo>-^>xj j! JljZJl Ijl^J
** <*
^j>^\ < j& j]asS\ ini j ^ .iJu]l JUJl ^ 4j I j ^op
CiJ-A Oj jps/2J>x~A f'Ls^-p! ^^i-^ jNl ikJL- OJ15
aJL>J 1 oi_A ^ (j ^.SLn* Ini t \ ^n^LLjl
ln£L>-w^ <Jli <. Lg_> ^Jl L^j ^ ij oIjNl o^->cJl ^L>-> ^J-p
^Jl L/ JaJLs ^jJ-j>JI oi_A ^Jl La ^jJU J-v 2_> jiJ wJJi-S' c_i j-*~> jl
. l^na J-*j I
p ^ ^ * ** *
■ oJii jl kpIjS jt ^ JJui i“jS- yy- j^jLp ‘uU^I ULJI j!
, *» «*
Lo_^_S\j js>xsS Ajlo_Jl I j-^S J. c j_,~^~jL>Jl ^_j_iLa joJL>-
^jB 4j IO aI-A <L~PJ jli C L o -g J j i-lgj ^3
4-jj05^j 4JL?x_s^ ^J-aLS" ^5 OL<~j| QjljJ>tJl dlL ^yS
jj-SLlj . 4-ot.^> JaJ 1 l40ow> JJ L^oJL^ i_s"^ OO-Lls A_>- jL^>- ^1 i»ilj j^c-i
oJ_A *y tlo_jl ^^pIjJL L>3 JjUiJj .|J_)I LoiajLij 'y ^PjJl
LaOj^j aj^^JI U ^-<>- j j.j tj-oLS SjJj c5^ J 4 >iLL) ^3 N_j <JL>cJl
& * fi.
^>LiaOiL ^JLi Lo LjJj?- (jl twjl-^S" LO»_L*j LaJj>-j 4j j>cS}\j .Ljiljl j^jIXj
w . P -» <*
o_o»j (_^oJl ^J i Ljo_wujj ol Oj^ /_p< t LjO_>-
‘■jS-’jll ^Ji
97
Ji j->z * ijl j*_Lp t liJL > j
t] y>z^j ^£jJl J-+A *. Jl i-oIjNt <15* ^>Jl ^jJb j^jlxJl 4-J.P ^*>jLonJ
U L<kJJJ C ‘Lj!j-J>- c— >Lv 2-P l J L* Loolj t 4 ^*s*jL>
^ p p
LpLj a_!*>L>- ( j-« ib ^p-Jl jXXXJ 4 LLp AXa ^jAj>-\j tbUi jb ( j_« jJw’i
Jl^_ 3 4 AXwJboJl jb- A iS y>- ^JiLoj (_£-LJl ^j-^P — Sj-^-J (jl (_j-^
l^, >>o" ^1 JwJj> tl)i
aJloIS - j 0j^*>L^« is jju N Lgxa jj a^L>_*JI oJL&
^jip wtpj SjJ<-La oUji'l ( _ r ^i! J>\ ^ UJlj ^y % j\
_» ^ if
j->-^ jjdJj * U> UJj>- Mji >* ^ ■ Ja*J'
I jjoj ! i j ; ./} e Jl «JjJj>Jl JjP- c-3*>Lb>- > Vl ^LoJ a l.~ >e-a j LJ (-jj
jl ,^1 ! Lj (_Sj J ■*■" jJJjb J_® 4 jj>~\ Uj^>- £tXX> j-'J^rJl
P ^ P
bJI jlS y ^3j .Ji> J-J ^a-P C lj.^>-l ^ ^-aaaJw^JI
^ ^ p ^ p
j j^>cJ t jib jij I li Oj^-> (jl (j-Ali 4 L* ( _ ? )La>^I
^ p A p
.aJjjoW ^yJl liL*2_a ^Jlj Jb" ^»bLa 4 [ijj^Ji jjjjb aJ j_*_to (j jbb jl
^bJl ^bj j*-J 4 li j ^-*-a <J j-*-joJl j^bb *J bti 4 ^~5i*Jb ^w$L*Jlj
P (A A
lg s jlUj Lw|^ 4 oj^-ill o-L& j-i-bw N Lo-X^p jij
<S y>- iOJj>iJ> 4 X~jLS" i-jlj-^>tJi ( j~ 1 ja_'*yi jJj jA>!-> ojJj
^ bo g s J^sLSjlb ^ja> ^jIp Ig-ib 4 0j^-U ^jl^>iJl
La ^jS J^g-> jjj(-; 4 ^*-Lij La Ai_oJ>- ( J-« jl 4 b! LxSLo-J
^Sl i^bU^a O-^J ^'Ul a jpS a j-Sbs jl 4 tliJi ^0 aaLj jlj 4 j_J-°l
4jjJj»cJ LaJJLP [aj JLs] LXwjSjI ^S a^ill eJ_g_> jl (_^ > ’b^ > -l
I g,.XiA ^ Lg_U_P ^S Lx^jl l_aX_LP _^l A^ol A-S"
jjj_Ji jLi jJJjJ ailjj/l j»l Lg..~.b j^>- jLs 4 A_v 3 j^abwoJl
jl jj'bJl 0^3 ^jbLJj .A^otJill oljja-Nl jj^a a jJz Jba 4 AjjI>J| Ajj>tJl
98
^3 L>J> c ^j.la > i^LJi l g .1 (Jjja_>c-j <LjLpLa-ll
. (3) j}^dJ Jjli jJ-j jJ>
i_r^' LlUol ^3 4-J-pLflj j\ J^b o jJLi 0 ^p|j Ijul tal j^JL ^
K 3 aJj-L>- a j^ls Ljjljl ( j» j^ol La JCS' C LJ
a <j[ I IjJ^I L$5 t l$Jl_^>- J5 y» LgJ^l j I 4 I 0 j
^^■Jl j| juLlpI ?aJjJI y» LS ^-i Uj LaL-ilj Jus LJI jl>* J
WK; N <u^j j_& Sil ^jJl _yN\ iJLfc oT lS 1p JJjJl LJ (t-r^
• 4j^C-LiiJ jl a jJLl! a ^1
^ Lj[s cLa \J\3 La-u^ Ljl ^±3 y> Jay tSf jti
^ ^•'X’ljj 1_^JJ ( ^5va-> l ^3 ^yjl <uXu>&Jl uJJj
^ lj ! L-J_p y^jiSa .UuLs.31 yLa L^j| y3 jXA j aj_£3 ! (J j_*_iLaJl aL-'J-^sj
tj*’ L^Jj .La^J_o Si*>L*Jlj cj j-*-<LoJlj ; Lua Jj'J I t»_3 _ya
^jSLcJl t <ujL~o^M jJl 4_*~Jiu Oj j~^~ LJI j^^pJL jr^
^ ' ' 0 - U U- ^ tJ-£-3 ^ L > ^ ^ Lp a^^Li L^a1Jj>-1 L) j^a
jJ~> ji La ajJJLoJl yo ^yJsZjla La jJSij .f-^S>')j y> a^Ju ^Lul
< -^ P ^~Li L. | ^J|j y Ls>Jb*J ( _ J Jl Usjliil ol ♦ ; Ji «j i _ J >--U (3)
_jl nisus Ji i^ ^| j j jiJl ; LuJaj«j ._iJJi <. liTjJi aLc-Jiv^l j bjji
Lit" yj i _sjjj ^jjl ^Lkj'yi J_»! 4 j ^JU! j~.S Li I
" °Jwi l_^s £^j| (j| ^ olp ojJili > >^.Lj
4 Ixl 4 >ajlXa Jjl «U^> ^ j_^JJ L^Jj ! 6 jjlU (JLo-^-wvN I lj_ft jl
^ ( S J^Z <_5^ t < ^>-jljj>-j ojl^sl a ^>»ljl ^La 3 |
ot^XJ j t o^XL) «-L^-XLw»fl N j Oj^ L«hIj o^IjNl
li^ i j l-L^J i-- 5 J*j *)} b-»U t UU, ^ .j j-*-XJl I -L& LgJ /J-7®
^ j-*j jl *a/ luS^J j c oj-L 0 Lo 4 _> H?Ljjl
& ol ^laX^o *y jl^ jd to ^JUl <jl nisus Jl jL J ^ s i\ ^ xjli t^iHi
•* ^ <f -
• <Cj^ ^yjl ^is jJXilj aJxuLI 0 j^iai \ ^ ^1 Nl t ojXiU 4X3^ 0 j£L$
99
y* Jusl *)L3 4 Ls-aLl^N o y^i. N y^r y* c?^ 4 -Sj-Xj L* l9 y^
43 J j-*-* ^A Nj Lg~» j-%4>o N O-La j-otiJl cjJ3 ( JjLo (jL ^_sl ^I pNI
d j^s 3 Syy y 3 <j^Jj>*Jlj J sj a j i ^_*-sXu LjI .^AwA-U Sj jvv3.1-o ijp^
f. p' ^
o jiJl dr^-J 1 4-J_«_*Jl o j-& jL>o| «LuS-U ^^p Li! l oiljNl I j^al
^ t # p
.Lob»j l^v.g.S ^P ^jl>- yP *»-lbJ-l3 t cPbA>«Jl ^>-1 ^^31
* „ <*
^J_P 4j j- a L5' <- oPjJL>c_^ A-oUJ ^^Jlp ^j-ft-iJl a j_a| jLi t UJLjj
i »wJl <*,... ,1a > o j-<5- (_$L V j JJUjLi * } yJ V o j_S>_» t •L^>Jl
^£ y^\ jP US' C 4_lia-bUJl_9 “*-> _^^>cl)lj JaiLa t— S jAJ Uj^j l <Jj_*jUJl j
t ‘Pp^-jLUJI 0->Lp^-s*2 , U_& ^_^3 Lb A^ aJa J l wP I <Jt>- ^ I ^wo*o>-
Jj .UjLSisI (_^Lp L^Jj« jUSLp LjI LoU'Up?-! ^Lp bJ J3s . w j)
* p . w
^*-PJ~jo J_£3 t!j^- ULwS ij.ip>- (j-^-U 0 J j-sp2^>*-s to jU-'Vl oj-ft ^L>-
JLJI
1 ajx-v£>
-j- jL^-L>l _jl t p_jJo>Jl oJLfl jjj j */}-A i I aLkJI jjou jp-l
^ ^ J
> "i M. *
403jJl iyiJJl Oj^oNl fiJ-A oU I. liJUj
^!b jjb t^j-^ Lw> ^JlSI L^j^a J oLS 4 ojju^ <u>x-s^ oLS*
c ^LwvwJl ^3 ILa >/? il ^3 UjlSol 0 ^iS*! UjI j-iJl
OwL^J ~Cj I ^ J-ij c)l ]g£ ~*j J-A ^
UJI ^JJl ^LJI |ju5a 1SI jJ^ jAi ?4j^>cJ1 Ijp U ^ ot^Jcdl
C ^ U-aLa 4_<iu y
LjJ ^-v2_>cj ^>3 AliL>“ ^1 4l)l ^1 ; U^-J5 ^3 ^1
f. 0 f,
J~j\j (. U 43 J j-^ 43 J+& OolS^ LoJ C Lg_>| ll....,>xj ; (J
^ 4 _« y bJ ^3^ J*** b^vJpr.13 ^1 o^l
lP f, T> “ W
4«sj L <u LSajP' it 3 ^,-AwlU J^3 ^a 4 ^VS.Wi.^t- 1 1 O 1
O JwL>tJ Ja 4 L^jI jS>- £-y>J>- ^y0 La ySjcSy 4 L^3 Ij j!>Jis\$ 4 <J LiSLlI
[^yfcjJl] 43*^L?Jl SjJill oj»A £l t-^J L<iJ 1 1^-3
100
t jL>- ^5)) ^ C SJjJL>* 0 j_So
j^Jsj>^J l) 1 4_P jpJL<kJ ! .J^LJLx>Jl ^S" LpO ^£.jJl 4 _*_jLv^ OjJLd
^3 <LwLpLaJl o^Lgj ^-Pj-Sl u ^-*->1 li-S* LJ J c-^i
^ b> jjj ^u ^^.jlJi j-° i^i jr 1 -^ <-»- 5 | j^'
L»j| Jw^pULoJI a j_& (J-'- a jl> ^jjuLi 4 _y^ - t IxJ ^yiJl aj ^j>wJI
. ALjjJl JUil ■jA ( J^3 ^y>c^ l j£- Oj-l/3
j*-~jJL j ^3 Aj JJW 5 Jjl l-bl jjJ->cJ N ^jjL— jNl £-jJJ| jalp jj
t aJLwO^JI j.L-^SII if j_&~vs5" c <u^.>,JflJI oLJu-*Jl ( j-< t_jjJL<Jlj ^Ixji^JI
i j ,^L*JaJL aj-XAJ jl oLI ^p>sJl jLvolj ccjIjLUI j-^->j
j\ aJLjJ^tJI v_ — Jl oji (j jSjJo oj/Ul aj-A jt-g->l , j>-J
A_L«_p • y£- i^JJLstJO jl iJIjLij Jj_*jj-JL> LflJa J la ■ >j! ^j! AjJlpLi
* <* * f.
1 1 ^^Js> Lo-lS" ^.^Jw*J>XJ <C-w5i O^U-ll J jJflj (J Jjul
vf. * * f u> w
Aj| aJ j-^~j j_jj j->A2jj J t (_£pl*Jl AAj I j^iL-oj Uj 1*3 jj (j j*3^j
I ( j_a jj~^A>rJ jl jv*l 1 j^-l '33 J->- AlP V j^3j jl £jA
l aJ j*j^a Lgj jjJj>o ^Jl aJ^S\J1 j^^jC ^5 J i_~-»Ja dx^*- 1 (_5^
• A_~A>-LpS/I ^IjjIj ^pIjJJIj tJjj'j-U jjjl^J>- jj-g-l> >-UP jll |»_gJJl
I.L^a ^jJl jl Jjlj-Jil oJlA ^Lal jj^iLUl o^lp jjjo Aj! kijj^
iOJ->tJl jijjj I j-Jil — a AjjJw»^_) C ^4P>- JjLp
^SCJj ,4 j^L*JI ^u^wJ^Jl c^I j-JljJlj o j^jjoj V aj\ 0jjj£*j (^wLSlj
O jSjJu t JwJu 2 j f *jj* ^
JJiJ OlJlj-Sfl jjA LjJXpl la k_j jil aILpU jl t jxi]
Nl jtJbili j/ Uilj C 5 pIx»^J| j*£- oljp-'yi ^ lg3*>\JOU»i| UlP AjlljCL^a
l^l » ^ 3 j-LAj jl jj-i t olp j-sP>^aJl jl j-«-sl ^1 j-> Aj ^J>xjjl ( jA
Theos apo mechanes (deus ex machina).
(4)
101
sjl 4 IlaLa .lg 1 - 1 Jx^xS ~jj> *■
LuJl dUi ^ J\ Jl jp-SII js J aUJNI Jl JUJ!
5ijU>-j j.a_j ^Jl c->*yL>sJI N] ^»l j-*Jl aj N (_£jJl
ULajI J ^vail L-^ JaJis N Ji*Jlj ^JXjiJI Oj^-iL ,-» g ii .Ajt—JaJJ
oljjs-^l {jA OJ \>- J^xJ Jlx>-jJlj (wx~xJl xjJJJkS loJIj 4
^OxxxxJ \zj\s- ^>J| liJUb (1)1 (j^J-O •& ji <*-* .A^yJaJl ^3 j g la I (_yJl
.JJbxiJl IjuJI olj j^p jjl o— ~J IJI i JljJl J
4 A^xJaJl ( J 0 ji (_£ I js J Aj^jlj ajjj) J (J j^Aa ^Jjl ®Jlj
aj_A JJLa 3^-* Ol -Jjj-a (_^jJl 3j_>- j-a-U AjLxjj.a ^_A \_o~ilj
( jA L/5 jJ< 3 4 Lg ~PPj JjNl J| Aj j^AA a ~P j-x^ajx^oJl CjLp j*P j-aJl
kJ^p Lg_> xOaJ-xJ I a Jaj <_5 ^ _r >tJ ® _J o| I JjJL>
AJ^wj^a-j A^illll e^*$xJl (_£jJl A_^vij jji> aJNI (jl (jjJ^Jij 4 A^-xJaJl
L*_J 4 ( Jjj/l a Jjjl £-3-L> A^_L<jx*Jl eJxA .JwP 4 ‘U? j}«sOP*-A
jiGj .jjUJJ o ^owiJ 4***j2jJ oLS" cLUjJ
LJl c ^L^-iLwo!
iwjLL^^o aj (^jJl ^jLJL ^»Lo-} 0 ^-LaL?^-
^wJlill diJju iJJJi ( j& JJL> N bJU c^L^-'iU aJjLl<JI c->llL^>Jl
c £Jl Jl J^P j\ ^ j£Lk}\ (S^\
^■ /3 - b N 1 ^-wsAJ
Jl W J-^ 1 -ijy^ J ^ J
f A.' j ' L--0-I I (,. t * *A* ] 1 aJMI 4-)l ^ 3 ^ 3 4 A^> T ^_^J I ^y^Pj
Lg-JjUl L» lil l5 jJ( f-i—p s\ c-x_x~u-J jlj 4 a_x«->wI|j
jP> L-a-LSxJ^ 4 jJ i ^3 (J1 aLx*jLx«4>*^ I A^>-jL>sJ| xJ1aLp^_v^^-*J|
t»
Laax^ - 1 1 tXA hAj}J I L*^J Lx^ (j xij ^j-a AvxA^ y*pp*xp A.xx» 1«.A
(^1 (xl~xxwJj 4 Jj>t3jl 1-La ^j^xAj ( _yi-C'J .J) yg J«Jl ^3 j3>xJl xjjju
Lo-llj l ^3 «Lxl>w3 a5^ j3>- JpJptJ (_Jl SiljNl (_y3 AjxpU
102
-j | J t L^jlJb oJj>-L*Jl IjJil xjuu jl aJ i> ja.j A^Jl J aJJ! jjis
{ jJsju .L^pL>ejj LjjJjLo Ua>- ^xJl iS j>z}\ jJlJj
/yS- U L^>j j*-A t^'L^wi'Vl ll* JJ-C- OyASyJ *)l AjL*o *}Lj3J I
aHJL*JI t <cJs>LJl aJL1»-p 1 v^aJJI ^yj] I 1 a
4_>- ^_J L^-LX-P^ .U j yA *■ 1 '~-. L ^^P l *»*.J jL^J3^\J Ijj J -p * ^1
4j^7 j-^P ^lS^J oLp ^yA> JJ> (jpl Loljl L» jjsl y>-
j_A Lo^jjj ! Oj-SLaJI t_li-J-J 0-4-L>- ( _y-Ji <oljNl O-a^-wLj tj»_ajJl
• Ll| \jk j*a>c^ j j ^JL>t3l
p_^jl ,aUI ^ybu-o e-^y^ Jl Ol AAs*jLi!l f-^jj 1 ( jj«j tciUJij
J jlj t Aj ^ l J Lj 'i/l N jl 4 l-L^Jl I J_£j ij yjCjU 'y
J1J ^ ' ' jj.Jj->i_> Jh • 4 ~ iI *Vl
L>-yS>j j £ I aJ>I Jl jSb JS ^
fr r *
^ gJl 'i)jySM N |*_$j} .Ak-^lj j-Joj ^i5l Ij- 1L-» 0 jJ_*j>tjj jl5 U-*
oL^A^aJl <iiL" <JtAj>- jj-4 t j ^ J L LojJ I jjk ^ ^ .A.l ^ 1
ojJjjJJ i j-a Ajl (il*L *>Vi t UbjLw>c_<)j La ytS\ La
jl J^S’I l A) ji Olijl>s_«J AlJ^i L~»i EaJJI] i yJ> yOj jl **!)ll
(1)1 Aak5^»J-l j^Vl J^aj .a ^JiLaJl AXLjja yP j V J 5 " J^d
j>JL>cj aL*j>sJ La j ,/}.’ 1| JU5 “Ui jj aJI a-jJl ^jA
^ U . A 1 (jl ^jA t A»^JN I 4 jL*J1 -Lm^L ia aI^P J jA^jj AjLiL ^0
ii frlj^-l AJJ^O J5 ^ y-S'Sll jJLLJl
,A*jI ^J l a]"VI ciLL ^3 ^-j ^j|
t^LJLiJl ji Aj jJajJl 6-X^J lvtf.>o L« lil LlUJ J
• Ij ol
^ p ^ (L
Aoj^Jl aJlpUJL LbLiJl Ajjla'.ll ol* 0 1 ^y) J-Uj
( l)i lAji L^J»^-oj Ow>t-) k_il^aJl ^yj
103
<4
jj ..^? c i jV-L*Jl ^j- 4 MjLiS” ^>-j
Lg-J| 4-L*/? li £t>cP*eJl 4 -Lv-J-^ 0^ 3 *'^L--L«>-P ^JS" [^j3 Aj ^*>z3 ^ill
s fr « * V
jv-dJ j«J il)} UlA t ^ji.la .7 LaLa ^jJL (1)1 Aj*)Ls t -L -xj Aa- Ji\ 4... ? la ' -a
<Lw^>c_*Jl oL^LaAx'iM ed_A JjLa Lli-o_>cJ il Lg_»Li c ^jddaA ^_Aj
U_ a A*_d (3\ LaLq-A- AIL < A;^j>ijdl 3 4-a Lxdl eLx>cdl ^j£* 4-oLd!^
Ujujla.) cjL>-j^ j 5-I (j- 4 L-dl < >jil < jL^jJI ^*>Lj < LjL^JLo 45jAJ
^ ajA-JjlJI Iaa^aIaa ^3 ylj jl ^ LJ Ja~ ^ i iILla j .oJla
4jl <j jJUJl Lj'^LoAa-'LI j e-sllAadl LJIAJUa! d)l ^Jsj (1)1 jl <^L>iAA- > Vi
.4AxAx_Ldi jLi^l ad_A jJjLa dr' 15 0 1 ^j-P 5 js-*A a] Ul — A- (1)] ..2 j-Aj
Lo jAj LL < La jIsju 5 jJaa- ( J5 < LjL LaijLJ L>-g-sj
( _ r ^J (1)L> Jpj (1)1 LaSLw <uU ikjy*s}\ jaj (Verisimilitude) LJJJdl
<AjLp^-v 2 (_ 5 ^^ 1 ^ ^1 La i L*AAp c jUaJL- ^\ 4 ^a ^-A^-adl <u^A«jdl aAgd
Aw~al)L»d 2 ^p Ld O^dL^x 4 JI *yi . aj 0jj!.i ^ j L>- LgJ5 ^a
/ ^Ua-')/ £-j j^Jl 1 JLa
ojj (^1 ^g -JAx 1 jl £j la J Axl 'b/ (LJLjj
L$-i j^y> ^aSI 4-oL5ldl Ld .<u jJiiJl «Jla 1 g « U- ^^JLi
,L»LkJ <L° j-g-Aa ^^p Lg aLLpU jl LgJ j-aj ! j^xj ^ Lg .,h x_! ^L^>-S/l
Lgj j^yi o^-aJLj j \ 4^jL^^)Lj s jJlaU- jAaJI Ia^JI ^j-SvJj
cJ Li <,j»_ww>eJl ^i jl 4^iJ ^ JLj«JI LIS’ jJj c L-ap
jl ^L^a-I ^1 L5 jj-. J ?<LUS ^ s^5L ^1 JLa>=j ^j1 ^
a d^l Ld . I * A? 1 ^2 j-uLd! 1-tg-j 1^*3
J*g>Jl (1)15 j_L (a^L>JI LjISLL ^ j5LLdl ^-4 4^»Jjcj L Iap L ^
[tliidj (J _^a!|] jaSM Li (J*y <1)51 <• t5^ (A^ 5 J* j-Axa Ip j->xa
.■ — ihSOl IJlJ6 /^a jJLt jLl jlfljl (5)
104
Las Lo jJji j ^ o . Si I {jt- <lLc-li JS \jl — cJl
LU oJia oLUj«J L~ J bil JLi N SI .JaitNl ilaJuJl aSLJI ^c-
jJ <LS ol j j., dll I jj-* J-g-s i ilia oLwLo^J
jjfc AS jj«j La jS (jj wL 5 L^_iI ^»l ^jJl /jS- J J ./?.>
. ( ViUJl Ills' ^ jJ*Jl L4^
JISJI
pjai
|Jla ^j_a A_>w-XJLv»w) ^L ' l’- ’ Lxi I ^yJl apjL^_<>JI LLa 1 ^^SsJj
•* ?
jf- Ljj>tj U Llp ; [ J ji>] t Jl la^ .alj a ji j>*j JLL> ^JJI
( ^SLal ^yXll j^Ua^Jl JS ^J> JsLjjl jl (Power) j-O lj
<■ (.
J^-p ^ ^ ibJl <u 2 JL^Lp L^Jl yJu jl.
JS jd\ [SJlkaJI S^S] vis inertiae Jl ^ £*y\ d\ (jjj^iJl (6)
Lq-<— ■>■ (jl 4 j ^>*sJL C <olll Jj * « j 4_i**J»&Jl ^3 l £ - P 0*J«X^-l
L^-S” i to JuJL>- ALo A>- j£ jl Jl a] l>- Jp Jj'b/I Jl Jiaj lSJ^*Lo j\ LlSL*/
jjju .l^lo 4ljag U j-Lib aSJ^ (J?^l -^rl I fr:^ . a5*^J-I A>“Ij ISj^slo Lo-%%^ (Jl
^pjj L)1 Ja_A3 Jjli jJi ' o .Jl $;) UjL? VIS inCTtidB dLta LoJ_Lp^ ^A
bjLi A*oU»-l jjp C->Ju>tlo Lojjp Ul LoJlo LoLc 4AJUaj«Jl ojjj 5 ^3 {c,\ U (1)1
jl jjJ -L—vJl -Lv2J ^ l^-jl ^ J .4-LpliJl o j-Lill cLLLJ iil jil Lojj^ ^J^pUlLI
0 j yfUj ^Ual^Q JjL?“ -lj ‘LpLjI ijJ*-*-) Ul 4 L^JuiLo jl Lj^j-3 ^ ^jl^lll i^L^p'yi
I JjL**/ JJ ^-ffj-^-J^I IJa 4 JJJS cr -5L*Jl -^Jp diij iolil
Lp aJljS^- Loj ^_-/^ l jJlJ-I jj-o L)L5^ -iJ 4 ^li^oL^- 4_j ^Jp-Ls
^?Llo .oLjjj>txJl ^J- 45 J j- 5 (j-* ^ , — sI^p'VI
L^wj-5 Oj15sjj ^-oJ J-2J .e-^xp j-» Lo jlSoS/l jJi ^ «uJ 4 JL cJl jj-o
^JjLSLjJI ^<» a j-p-j 3«Ll>-^J 1 4-JjJj| (Efficacy) <JpliJl ^ o jiaj ^J,l
jj jJ .1 ‘W-’-lP AjjlaJl oJa ^ ~ j *. m .Ls /jJ' ^L-l Lg-1» ljJ_^?- -\-fl5
L JLJI >- I Ij-Jb o^UJ (1)1 jr°J 4^>u^l L^- OjJUj N O
jLicJ'yi IJlA J) Aj j )a * l l 0 >La O jL^s> ^_> 0 J 3 . JjlJLo £-/lj j_J J AjI jJj
^j7V-b>til j-J LL -o
105
^ 0 ! 1 A g A tiAjI
Oj-Sbj jl OjJ l J^-I U-L>- OJj> Lo Jjl
JaLjj! Jjl jl t i»_^vJl lo_gA J-«-*a ^-JIa jl 0J-9 0?l jdj^bi
(_£-U U ^*j Aj ja .,iO 1 1 ajjfc j^P ol -aJ j^jLo AjI JLAj Lo AOj
UJ ^ r -»-5»- > y I IJlA a5 y>- J iO ;*- c ^ ^jJfcJJl Jy»-P JaoIj
aS"j^*sJI j_Jo> aIjjI^JI Aii?-*^L« 'y bo£J j ajl_JL<>J
L^_i oJ j>xj ^jXJl aJLpUJI ‘da^*>ba jl i ,^a*a Lo-j-yg «-> aX;-JL<J|j
L fejlSol ^i-Pj Lgjl5bL« ^^J-P olj^/1 .J^aJa jj^Jj .aJj_*jIA ^j-AUJl
.aX<>a1 0-j [jJJ.3 (j-^l bJ L^J
OaVU*- /jA> oJP>0j JU>- Aa~JsJ| ^3 jl jXa ^ AaIs tAL«A>JlAJ
t a! .,<? a*. a A^jLyt jO-y ^Aloj>- k yi t Lft >,ig i lOvS-Lw Js-LyjMl
P P A p A
1 'ak^ - . ) JsaIj i^] J. yg ,»J (jl IJai la " ■'■vA V LoSylj l ljwL>- £^Ia ‘-b J -'- : *“
bbS^ LyJj .aIsaI jZa IOaI jA^j ^ L^oSsJj Aa ^ bLo ^AlJiA>-*yi j w0O3
* (. p P
A»*>*'jI>eJ| Lw^l^>rJ Ijjt J g la ) j>J *^*0 (_$l i^jZ' ® j&3 bJ ol UJ-^-
0-U.S ^j-o <Sj-3 I ol Ajli c ^l>~loJl I^a/j j\
olj ^^Jip ^JbJl ojOxJ j\ o ciiLo ^ bJI
oL>Jl ^3 jl oNNoj^'yi ^ cJ-^w^ju-a' I JiLiiVI oJLa
. (J jJo>3 *>\j 0->l^ 4 A^IaJ1
j>J I L^j wJj>w 4 j2j <U^ o (JljjN AjI
jl yA LJ L^J-X.^3 (, A_pLJ| Uj>J <LwLp
^y*j o I t LwJ-p jJ^sj c OjI wO*-^ 1 0o-L>-
Vi $
, <J^>XJ Ojwb t ^j-oJ>0 ol jl
o2-Jo^^sj o! °^i -a -.-^ * f I
^?L>Jl C ^y^ > 0^^ ^ awAJj tjl j| t 4j^P
p 0 * *
Aa^pJ jl JL?“ J J-sA>“ J_*A ^S>-J .1 j^OlyO |j f</}>~ UJaI JA>-J Ua jSIoJ
uu
•o^ 1
U_L>-
L>/5 JyiilA U_b>- L^Oa_y2> LaIj JlS O
i o_b»-l
106
Lo-j oJ_p15 ^ji o *)!
2
{ j~o aJl5 ^ ^^-Lp j%^^Jl jli tO> s yL>«Jl oJl* JJLo ^
* i i t-
I j yfri j^2*j Lo^a j-g-1 t a.XS^a jl AjLi.} C~>I5 ^Jj l oA>-Ij Aj y*-> JjL?-
Laji LyjJLa Ol-L^l yO j ,, rp . - >^a £yj Jja La lil Lalj . j-OSLkj N
^ b ^y~ & J-*-j -L>«J M LjU t jj-I J^jJl>*-i ^L^j'yi Jj?
IJla ^Loj^pl I y ^ J 1 y*-')! \ JL>- { y L»_&.Xb>-Li jlyi\
y i^ilj J\ tjj ~&s*- LJ ^^o-. /j -i jl aJ<s>-j Is 7 . . ^ ^lil JNj^-NI
JLa>-I ^j_»tJ ‘ aLL) jJ .Ol.ij_?-jJl ye Zj->-j jl ^JU jJI
U J^Ljjl <uj 4j\ ytjLij .N^p*j3>3 ^>-^1 <. L-w*^ Cy^
{■ t-
Js^j Aj Lw®Aj-I y La <■ 1 ^ g ’■ ■ '
.oljj jj3j\ .j^alj
J -*“MJ jr° -^'
( j_a LjjJ ol-b^l i_5jj s^ \ -L’L^ij'yi o j-^-3 jl c lit
.jjlj^-j/l jJJd jtJiix^Jl jl ^isjU aJIS'LLLoJI oNUJl y° j j^a>-
jJLL ai ^jLa aJL>- (jjl Lgj j^- j_> jl N 5 j^jaJI j-LLi
* - * -
ldLLJ.i £aj .e-lj^jj/l Jj-a L^«1 p UaJ^aJ La2a»h3 LaLAs L)-^-a oNUJl
0» l 'yL>Jl y* 4-lL>- aJU- 4j c_ilx>o La OjNL>J| O-Xp Ao~‘
f- fr ^
Jw*J AjI |J^ La t JjUjJl ^La-i AiS'LLla L^jl l^a-sA 5 j Xfl-) ( _yXll yioJl
jLa~ C jJL) jl Jy^jJl aiL*Jl jLi t Aj_^l_jjLa oNLp>- J j-SLj
|Jl*s j| ,_L?-^_wo jjLioJl l-i_* jl _Li^a jl_9 t AajLja i jj»b>- J J g La
(jJJl ^Li^^Jl JliiiNl IJl»j <. y Lil aj j*J^, ,jjjl JsLJjNl
^Nl j\ ( yjaLv>N^-Nl y> tiljL*_oJl AjjULa ^yjj y yO aXo^oJJ
LT 1 ^ j' y_oLJl 0 Aj„a j jSij (_J-LJl
Ijbl C A-jlj^- ^a>- y/> yd\ I^LalllLj t Ul*i J^a JL*jI
JL>- yj (_^-jJl -Ls>-jJl (_5 J-Ajl l-L* .BySjljl aLLLJ ■ (? IJ^ yi-
C-j'yU*- ^JLA- j-JJ t JsLoj*yi 0 1 j '. a ^y^JjL) jl ^j-Sjo-J N oAj-Ij
107
p . p
aS y>- J_ tfj jL-ol 1^.9 (_£lj a^o> Jjl .J-LP -L^-j Lo j-P jo iu5LL«
jL*o^/l vii-S^ /^So |*J tj^jLjj ^^- < g 1 aLL L».Ll.o t jJL
j ia£9 A>l LwIj 4 ji>-j/L Jao j^o JLa>-l jL j^5L>*j jl J.JJL
4 Lg^plo 4 <uls- 4A*~JaJl jJJj ^p LgJ ojNU- 5Jlp Ja?-j/ jl Ju«jj .Aj
0 j£jl}\ O-i-A A-J-P £_l_ial ^la*- J—J«J (_£“^-ll L° .ij'yjajl ^0> U»-g_)L |V^>cJ
^j-jjoA jlo jj/l CjLi AjI S/I u^. o j/ ^ Jsl_oj*iLJ a_L>do»iJl
Ljjo jl ^l-P a! jNl j-Lij AjIj t aaL^Loo oliajl ^JA° ( j-o~L>Jl
jg.o jA Lo IjAp- d)| cJ yAj L^al^-s c Lo~&a>-I y>
p ^ p * * *
1 ^ g >1 j? t U ^^3 ^3 LWLojI L ^aSI A3 U-^J JaJl3 LaL$ ^ j->"N Ij
* s -
^-Lp Lo-^jwo JwS” a^j>- ^aJI <JN aa^N I |j_fc o(aJj-)
jAu 4ASnJj jJl ^2-^-J ,j-* ^AAJAvl 4jl I
^ ^ p ^
L^LA 1 AA^IAj ^Jj .4_ftsjA_Jl L« ^J_P
f p ■*
t A-~c>c_P j Jj-L?- ^L^AAol J-J jj* ^ 1 Li?l *^/j 1 (_y*
O^USLll J ^JjSjtJl l lA-j g_9 yLS {jJ* jj5j A~-o^JJ J-L>S_I Lo (J^wwb
• Lo*A .9 ^ j ./ y*o Lo Ll' I
^jSsAl J-g_>- ^J_P *■ — ’j-oa_> (JLLoJi ILa /^_o t^ -1 ^ (Jl-i-^ A^4 -j J-Aj
*JpLp^_«^ 3 ^-*-]| A9 ^)\-P A**>_) (jLS* ld>l^ AjI U»S^^<aj| *! aJI^J_A^
C <J jJ«_ioJlj -Jl A3*>lp C A9 ^*^Jl ^U>J Lg-9 j->u jl L^a-§J
ji_l_i Aia-wul j->j ‘^y^r _^Jl jl £jLS jJI ij j.?- j-j*y N JuLwjl ^
^jXll olp y£ j^Jl [^ IUAj] (^j-«-s<2j Lo lijjj lA~b-J AS jL*Jl
^ylil oJl^>- jJI a ^JoL-^oJl aJjLaJl j| .Ljjl jj>sJj Lo j^ILJ a j^s\^~ Jju
jo2dLw.oJ I *jA| fc X?*-l ^^Lp o jia^Jl Aj^ AjP Li^o>cj jl ^A ^^J-^Jl ^wc^->cJ
a^->- ^0 LoL4~L>o_j LjL^il jli i jJJjJ .Lg_)L_ol a la ,x| l_^
5i%Jl ajj& ^fP Lgj j^o i _jlll LjLSol jl 'il ! A9*>L«J| oJLgJ Alaj>tJ J5
C (_^JL e_9 Jj> i 4o J*. J (^l f-Uap| A*^ JU5L1I (_^ aA ) s j^o ^jA
& f p 1^
oLp^w^j-oJli 4 AlP Lo aJ LoL?x-o Laj^_*o ^Ja_*o jl N| p j JJl
108
Ow \jt> LwJwLojj . ol_) j-~>- iih L»j aJ jSjla 4J^LsXjl<JI
Ip y^ y& 0 jS^S3 L— tfj y*-> *^3 j*-> (jl 1^ LllS-Lqj 4j j^x^S\
as y*jL# ^JuL ^ Ji c^Lp^v^^^-Ji ^s” o y^-* ** JH°
JjVl ^jSsj pJ tal ^Lw>tj t (_£ ^>-t OjL*J jl llU aIjI^-xs oIp y^2 y<*j>
' „ *> £ „ '" * * „ ,
jaJlJI J-o-^ ' — j j-f^ 3 jl .^w?l ji ^yllll l j£j pJ c jib ji
# (. ^
LajI iib .<J j_*jL«JI o jSii ^Jt\ t^^LipNl <jL£'-’*bn (. — > yJa-> t L« ji
j_>j j^a ) j-*-> iplw l A_j ^>tjJl 0-b& Jj_S J k I jl Lllbk_«-J C olj j_«_>- La
^ ^ > r — - ji ^ ^ j ^ ^
O^J jfr ^ t ^_-<>w^vJw 3 t ^ ., ,»..,*«■ U
f, * it g. t' <— <* ^
( j-« ljj>-l jj ^j^-OJ^^jCjl jl £_*J kjJJ.i Laji LSsjjJl
jl tJU-Ljl iJLas jl lu5j>j M aJU k_~bJl jp LjjP oLl^
^i)l a^jl^JI jJ-L ^^Ip a^_ws>| ^y > j Si jjijl k — jSi <jj I ^Jl jl
**
t, JfLjj^l Ij-gJ U ^*-Lp ,aJj-*jL«-i LLLojI aJaAj ^ylllj t k_^cJl ^3
LaJlP Alij^a i _p y (_$jJl iilji jA Up Jv~»Xa ^»j_g_a_a (_£ L) N J
^j5s J j _j-ll jl jlftl jl . *!>LLa (Jjpjj .A1P jj). .,/3 i J. . /J ->cJ ^3 .A^l>c-1
LJI LI ^jl^SNl 1^-f- 1 A^jj (^JlII La t ,‘^J j i-"j j . , ^ 1 1 Ijjk
oljljl^^l ^-woJ>- jlj k jjtfll |j_ft Aa_o w\ 3 jljl_4i*bll IjJs jl i ^S~'~ >
|j_^_i ^j-JLa jljJL&'b/l IJlA jl jl k A_LL«_a ol^-^>l L^Jw*_kJ J3 AjjLa_<Jl
OjJtyj ^ljj>>Jl jj^Lvkkj tJjS/l j j-fi 3 Jb^ t^j-ftJJl jlj t O j^aJl
(J j^-LaJlj k_^wwJI A3 *>Lp jl .jj»-^JI ^P o J_UJ
aIjJ La ^3 k lllSLJj t L^ — 1_P U-fjg-Lk. ) jJJl {jJJ- ylj} J I j_A Jj>-1
. (7 ' ) aS*>UJ 1 jJJj jp a j£i <j,\ biLj *y
jjJL> t j *J1 jI j a* ~j£ j \ aj_A c <b j-juJI ijJ-ill 3 01 (7)
t 4 j (1)1 l>3 y>-\ OJj>- j^J-P j! t (J J^SLa ^J-P Lo^LjLSj Jl 3 <LiL^5>|
C j j 3wLPj ^J1 *LJLs^01 wLL> t La al0^-1 j^Joci La>AJL«3
oj^dJl ^j-oLO>» (J <jlj AjL^'^Lflil » 9^jj*J C i»lJJ JJ ,4j ^uLjl «b j JL3 ^**^0
: 0jj-t3j 'V pJ-s t Lplj Jj>- U5 3j ^ jLJI 3jj_i]l (J 5 I 015 . aj j-JLJ\
109
- <* u»
o r JuhaaII IJ-ft lii
Jjl ^Lp ^i-P ^ *Lo JjL^> ^jA _jl ^LsJajI
^ 4aj (J^J •* (J?l ^ ^ (, ^LiaJi
c^UaJl J\ j^j^J U jl^iVl jl fl~>-Vl J^J o ^Ul o^fL>Jl
•iSjjj-*^ J^LojI ^1 ^-j j-—>lj oj j-i c^-^jij ^JLxJL) y& j- i ^ j
^^jLi ^^Jl o ^-^- , -llp^ t ^uLS'L-tjL^ L?*- ©j«p j. g la M > L>a jjwP
<— 3 jt— ^ j- 3 ^-9 l-Lo Lf: pL» Lo| 3 4 <Lwu2j cL>J_>Jlj Lojta Lp^^Lo
^UkJL jl JuJu>- ^L^>-Lj j*J^> iiliil .JpLJjNIj (Notion)
^Jb a£ yL| [Jl>-] ^3 p — . j>- S)S C-J15 l©l tU <3 j^« <J-L>- 0} ^L^-^A l^.^3 ^Jp L^IpL* —
^3 aJl^pULo 4_jjlJLa Jl ( ^3 J <JjJ-l iJ-* jl t ALP j^m j*-* ALP j_v*J?
• Oj^L^s AjUtaj ^JoL^a Jj Jj 4 A^L-wL^ yS- j\ Ajj«L 0 0»jl
aIpUJI j (Power) aJJ&I Sj-UJlj (Force) iyA\ Js>IaN J jIjuII JU^c^Nl j_p U>l
jJJi <. aLJaII J$ ^ jZ U jXb a* U- a©U JS jl\ Jl . . .(Energy)
4JI tj^ajlll^ ^^-wv-Jl (> j' u J^ljJi |j-J.Lj ^.Lp Jp 4(Jl^>-'yi <jL>- JL tLol J_P jLj©
J-<>-aLs«J \~*S 4 J^LjJNl o-LgJ-3 4 ^ijr^ I y^JLi 0^ Lj-^Lo-j
j! J-p- Lo- 9 t ^A^Lp <U AjJoj Jj>- LsSjlSolj t <da^j ‘•'w^ \ A ./3_3 Jj>- O’'^ jJj^a t 6 ^Lp
aJ t oi JS' jl U5 .3 ^4^ jl /izi'w^ j j j3 4^-jl^- lL^Lp J-A j^o jjj ^.ia.^.^j
^1 -Ai UjI .4^-Ljj ^1 Jllj>«jLa j-a ^-U? ^j-a [<j J jl j^>-l
^1 ^1 l ^ jl jXtJ Lc^jij 'i/ 1 a.,/3 Ijj I v^jL*a>Lw^ , -^I 1 oJla J -^- 1
Lai .l^JLaJj j\ a5 jJ~\ oja^l Ui5 ^pLill jjj ^JjLa L^J jl JXAj oJLaL?- ol-P j-A j-a
^9 V jjli C aJ rij" j2>- Oj ^3 ^i Lj^ Jj^_L> jl OjS OfLi-pl-jil
^ Ll*-o JalJ jL 115” j .olJj^Nl oL j*j>- ^JJI jliJI jl ^3^1 j^s> l.^ */3 j../?,>-
»L*A“^ll jJI iw— jJ jl ^ j->-l SI t oLp jil j ^jjl wiUi ^J-jJ LjU 4 jLSjN I
, l^j-i^- aJl?*-Ij)I oL jvj*-^l <A“jLL.|
i_ 5^J -(Notion) [‘uJli'i/lj AjjJj>«jVI SjLoJl Lgj>- (*^)
! jJajJ j jjJl C^Lt^-^a ^a lfL>jOL^I <> _^>3l Ljl3 N 1 ^yi
’. CJj^j) 3 J? ^ii-l 0i> Jw^- 4 pU>^J-I 2^1 ^-%aj frUJLJl wjL5 jjLm
U^.N J t jll lJ_* ^3 U j-UaiL ^yaj ji ^ [(1968 4 ^ jL^^/l O jjJi jta
Lfkj^j ^^>1 ys j 44-JjjJ (noscere) jUlj (gignwvskw) J-^VI Jl ^liJL
. 43^0.1 ^Ljcoj
110
jA <tLL-c_xdl ^3 j\ ^3 3lx*-a JpLj jL ^1 Aj Ju>-
CXw>5_o ^.xJ 1 o j_$LaJl <Li-L> J^v^l I j_Aj .^^L*Jl OjLi-o
C^^/l>eJl ^jA ZJS' ( /j-4 LXJu Lo-J 1 © ^^LLl oSjb Cj IS" iXJ 4 j! t cLLI^ . \ § 1 P
tJLLL ^J-P jJ^2j Ll L^J ~L>^ <bl3 t <0 jj3_* (JL>“ ^1 ^jA ^ l ^^^Lxjxdl
.©.5 jAA JL>- ^\ ^j_P 4j2. is>vA © jS& Jl d- jS y L>J I 1^0 i) J&J ^xJ l <LJX^>Jl
4^l>LI j-A 4 J-j>w<LJ ^AJI (JLio'yi IJpA j\ c 3lx*»Jl -WLJj'yi Ij-A
LI .LL^jLxjxo ^ ^>-1 JS ^3 U>-Aj .Lg-*-3 LLL,x>o ^^xJl ©-Lj>- jJI
x ^ p
^1 aJs^wLjj L^-Ij2j jv-> ^xJl iS" j^c-ll Lg-%3 LwLaLL i!L>- (Jj)l
4_IjLowO (. (^^?ljj| JLuJI lj_& ^Jl ^ J"*"* j^jLJ-j
^3 j-Ltfj LjI cL^/I L-aL^I j»>hj Jii 5Jl>- 'cLiLa-^iJl
toVl 4j>- txxx^L L^SL© L^ j-^j ^ jj^^l ^jA L Ju>- ^txxx^o LI
LIS' LI i^Sj ^ I ^ . <l<v Iax.x^jl *u ^>txJI ^jA JjjiLl ^Lvws^Jl IL_& .J^S" j^j
^ jA dj ^iSl LI L} .(J'i/ ax^^I I Sj*> t^jLsJl
M LI tp-lj-s^^/l t aj jL^2j jyj I Joj>3 <uLp j\ (, 4jLi ^3 -LLiJVl
W *9 «f p
©3 ^-Vx^^y I J5 ^3 <t<kX3 c t)L>-lJj^ L^?^<>-P JS\ V | j>
j^Ll L^ofc3 l^J-P Ixisjl ^ ^jjlj
LI LxJlp .illjj >-j} 4^-L^a3 UjJI O’IjLp ^3 Lj ^|S* L»-^ Jw*ji
‘LpLLJI jLaj| c ©J_A jJixJl ^^Ij
111
J jVi —ill
LgjLliL* j cJils JjIw> ^ i jl
^jL*^ j jl t aA^vwLaJIj j*_L*JLJ ^ijNl <uI~lJ1 jl^o 4_^«Ls-.
Oj£j jlj c^j_vaJ«tJl l y 1r > L^_JlP ^j_4Jl jJ Jj*iM ( _ 5 -Lp Lg-J -klXJ'yi’
J! ^ la d Ul j»*>LSjll jJ-a CJ^_« 4-^ ilJLlal ^^-Lp Lxj ^d>tj
(jl .J-^JUl J-Lj C 4_a j-s^laxJJ 4-J^dJlj 4 -^lJL>J| £^_j , l_^-oJl
( J^->*j jlj - C (J'if X*f- XLo-*^w~»Jl JsbLljU AjjsjJl l _5^S-"- 1
ijsuftu
Jl
^y>z-A ^^lp! Nj ciiJj
ljjJ-3 L« Llsj J . ^j>^w A^w»w»J \ ^9 jJ>~ J l ‘> ^/Sj>xJLi jj*
a* ✓ p f. **
i lo j_Sj o-^J 4 JLIJL 0 ^11 a,fg ) ol Li^JaJL^I l <J y^aj>-\ I^jJlSj
<* ^ p t
*LoJjLS cJ y> ^t-J (. 4-JU^xJl oij! .5
4j| ^£> jJwflj ^ L-^5s_<*-> i 4^3 ^-wvw>c-4 Jl^ l$Jj5j t wL^Jt-J wLo I JJwO
^ ^ *“ M ^ 4,1
4jilx>t^o IjlSoi jjji_L*j jlj iSjLjJI yz*- 1 4XJ
jXiiaJl j!5 U jl Jijj ^5 aXo^JU^JI JaUJjll ^Ip
4-iUjJI jj-li jJ i\ ol jjj/l £-JaJL> 4_£jl_JLXa CjLSvLo (jl
jlj L J^L>cjJl_J U^> j_^SsJlJI (_£jJ^*tU £~v?I *L*_i jL? LaJ
113
4 ^.IgLaJL jLSs^^l o\S 4 l)L>x-oJI ^y* o
4 4_**u2j jp>Ji CT^ * 1 j' C) y oJuJl o-L* cjl y& 1 jJJsj L)i
£tJ»c->- li>cj 4 <wJuO> jj-JjLo J pjhi jj J jJLLjj LaJdP 4-J?l>s_>J
is (: •*
^LJL^LLo I ^J^lj>“ La 1^1 ^j-oLji L)^ iL-L^ V . p. ^ A J ^_Lp J-* <£-+-) 3jb
e. f. *
j\ 4 pJlj_*Jl JuL-vs^S” 4 A^jL^uVI OjJjiJl ^L~a LaLw ^ yOj JjLww*
L)j-LLij «x$ 4^p*xj*^/l j^-JLp j>I 4 4-J_5-*Ji j~->- ^
Aj>c-JL) Ij^jJb (ji i^y 0 t* ^'LoLl<>j £c_j jj\ l) J). l <3.*S*tLJ
oLw»tJl d-^Lp y*-P y-A ^3"*^ 3~* (S ^ L« l^i Lai ,O^Aj>c^a
^io L)l Lo <U*j 4oi ^jSvjL) Oi LJ -Lis 4 Aj y>zZ]\j <^a L*_ll
L^-*_a ,jJi-> 4 -*^JlL a ^jL*J Nt f ^-*-P oJ-^Jl 0-L& Jl j_L (JjtPxJl
. j t-$->^-*j wi^L-^j L)i ‘j* |» ^ k^jj 4 /^^^ApLia
o \y Aj ^>bJL aJLL*Jw>J 1 <- iy^.f>. ij L U- cL_a Ooi_s"
jj-S't jl S/I |*«^Jl)I 4 UJI i _y^ m 4 JUaJL^vlj JLL ^^jlIIj
** 9- * * f. } *
jJ ^>! jl5 LoJLt t aj.^ ^ jjLv-JNl £^jJI ol Jl>uJ c LlL.?^
a! jJi^j& cjLLtjj*j a^ *,■ 3 1 olj <. ajLvw qJi o*A-a (jjljJl ^a~p 1 -^ 1 ^
y> A^-Li^ \ .A» yj2S^\ sJLA> ^olS^J Jc>- OJlS” jJ
A^j^>Ij!J| Cj L^jIj ^^LjNI ^J5" L^jjjL*j Jj Aj ol
t > 4M
lJ-.xjJU.wi jl L^_*wO wL*—j J^xjl i A-J-ljJl Aia.x j..i j' AJSslUa i ’-T^
( JjU AwLt ^-jJflj (jl Aj.il ^xoj APjJl aLw<i £-« ^Ja 4 J 1 ^jUaJl
>or wOJl JP- Jj U-'ijJ klr 4 Ji ^ aJLw^JI ojjs.
wbJw>oJ ^-1 .jS i -O UjSil-A l j. lg w-wj 1 Aj>v->wJ 1 ( Stfltc) AJLSxj jjJnJj
^jOi-«- wj JiiNl o-LxjJ i JuwL>eJLll wOj-3 /j-3 Lg-wS Lkj LgJlj ^ AjfeLuji
a-Lajta \lS^i *^-LUjLi <Cj>-Ij ^Jj 2 j ^jj 3 *• ^-*/ 2 _>tJl d-L^ ^3 ^ ..Ayv.>J 1
p
. A-jialp j!
- . .. .
^-Lp ^jww4>0-a Lflji 1 j_jLS^ wij ^xliJl J-S" ol j -^.. \>\ ol lil ^->-j I
114
Lxij 4 L*_a jl J Ajy>zj\ t sJsXoj 4 _USsJlo
j_i Lg_Lo-SLi 4_o jlj tJaLjJVl o jj (jl t j l SL^j J
iLsL^vo V b ^ j-Jl -LsJ oJJs
W V w p * X
o L^-> L*-L <*-p ^JuS* j^**~~* jl t LjjS' <l> ^Jwvw^Jl
|juJu>«-> <LwLpIj2j 3~L>«-a L>jj jl J 4 <Ojj) j+*&
uij J^2^\ dl\j JjL* C5^ C (Jj_*-jL* 4_*_a .j-£Lo-J ^ 4 Lfl — 3.}
^j-ol jj 2 -Lfl-Ls 4 4j_p vj-^wAj>- J^s 0 j>_Ssj (jl 4 4^9 j|.y2.P*c^oJ 1
^ jJj^J <^>3 jjj>tj 4jSuJl jljioj L^jfcL>tjlj o' j?*- 4 j>-j5
4s>-j} ,y° 4^ y>- jJ yj jl J J>H Lo {■<-£& 'JoL^2j jJjJo jl
s» t
jjJi *>L*-3 L^_>cJUj is* j->ol ^-P 4^LLxj>t_^ jr^J
•_p JULJbj L>t-w>w5 o jJo ^Jl lil L-aj L* liU t ^LvaUi
Js- LgJL.Jg.) LoJllP- 6 jSojl jjjj 'v^XJwO j_JL*_> jl LJ_P jlS 4 0jJj_v2jl
. i
£. #
^J_P *-Jl 4^oJta 4_*.< JaJl Ljja Jl 5* OolS" jJ 4 j| Ljk I J_j ^Jlo
Ju L 4j LJLj ^$1 ^J»P tA^>TLJ jl j-Oxl> <ui ^ J_>tJ
p * *
Jl& jlS* Lwj ^$1 ^0 A^3 JlS'LJL) 'i/ L^Loj I^L> J->- j* , 1^ j
j] (.o jj 0 ^So Jl^Jl ojjft ^3 \Xi\ US’j^l [sS LJ 4 Jw*j9
^i-P ^ jj (J jl J y>H *^y y& kjLL> \z Loj*)\J
Lp y£>y±}\ J^\ jl ^^IjJLS^I IjuA
Jl ii^jp jj^j^fc) 0 JJ jj > J Lj 4 J^-*S/1 ^J_P
pxp.| , | ^
JLJ l»-L>-l jl 1 tj->- jl -La
4J
(J jjkjLoJI
J'ifjLi— "Nl j ^lujL^j/l jU jJJj_S'j .^-iL^jj/l ^jjJl ^.U UjL^j
^ - I -‘ ^ <^** ) ^ 4 ^j-^tjl »Jw*L^ (^3 (' ^ 4 I L-_l_^P ^ ^ ‘ P 1
itSi-*JU»Jl 4i ^^aJJ Lg ~]a ■* 1 '^ ^Lli ^>Jlj 0 j^ljJl
U j-^-s jts 4 I-lS^j . l jjt jJl ^J| j"'"* i^~~ c ' ^ y~^ 3
115
t* 0
^3 jlaUwJI LAS' jJU^-> Lo-^| 1
-L<k-*-j^ 1 1 jJL« LI ^-dl ^ASLlJLxJl cI^Lp l)j^jl> Cv> 4_*u_AaJl
o| .j->“ v yi j j-gA? j_>-I^Jl ^Jj ot*Jl wL>j->s-)L) ^j-aAJI
l oLJl Lg-«-w*Ju jwAl AJ-Lj <A^>- J^-J^JLs>Jl ^*jLa
L« C 4-iSL j ^ l - ^ . l l vJI^Lp ^-aJJ ^ lg «,a.oJl (jl ^13^1 LJ
4 j->-Sll ^Jl -L>“l ^Jl [Juilo (jjJJl] ^LllJLwuNl { j r * A-U^ ^jS- ^_>c-Lj
a A?ljjl jl ojj j-si> j*~* ^ I
^j- 0 Lo-Lwa La^b (1)IS Ji ^yLvJ^I £^Ul ^IS L)l bi j-g-L* U blS
(JLoVi o')! j L w> J 1 ^^jLa oL ^^j-> N j kjASLlLj Oj^
^JS L)l dLb Al «-^jN 4 JI 3 c ^^ aAJ) (j^LwLi-p ^LU 4 j^Ij^I
u f. &
I J-Us Ljl j^gjlj t 0 JJ jsjs ] I <__—* JL 0 J^ylc' Loj.} ijjlS" -Ai ^LJl
( j£- ^^Jzxj J»_^S i ^ jJl Ojj ^- LLli
-J^Jt jl ^iNl ^1 I vu^Jl ^ u!
^j . oJ t a_JLl!I CjI jl-JLP jl L jl .JLs c aJiS^L^JLoJ I jj|j_?-jLJ
^3 (.p_^jL*jl .^3 jy^ j-il j-i “Uu jl jj^LUl Aj
L^J.>L»a ^3 ^A l ^A Jlj->jl 4-ol_w^jjll 4_» . ■ \l ll jlj l 4j»aj jl l J « ”j/ 1
jjl-L?- j/l j \ L^v.a.1 <jL*3jll L « ji I g ...,j 1 ^iljjJl jU t L§jLJ_a»Pj
ttoUJl <^s>-j 1 ^.jJlj c j_o-la.ll jl .l.,g ,..^ a 1 « jL^ajll ^- v ^ l! -’
oj_& jl^ t ^J_a I jUJl ^JJJ t^j-SDlj t aJI J..,/? Ilj t c.i 1 JgJl J
wolS" jS t ^v»X>a^Jl J ^ Aj^LlXa ^a^LjaJ ^~^;LqJo ^^1 fr l jl I
^j-ajJI J-LP oLjU, ^ - a La _^^-*A2-a t Jlj-ajl^ *AjI-Lj ^_a
jLajjJlj j|l ^_w>iLp-I ii Jj-'-ijL . jL<K-p j/lj (JLa_ 9 j! I
jrc^*- 0 g} y j^i (J
i J_p 1 JjVl I j-Lij^i jl ^3 \j~JlS I j_Lk_>a_> : j-Jl>i_i jl I j
J.UJJI jl '_y ~\ jjl I jiiJL L* j^oji ^jJl k^jUis- jLsJl
116
'—4 jl c j~/2-aj j^ a c- j?
5*
jj-£ k^jL>i^SvJl ^a I j ,. /? .. > • — 5 jJI <uJjli (j|_? . ^*3 j_*Jl l-L*
^bJl ( j^- jLi»-^!l JjAi- ( j^s LJL»Jjsli 4-^„.la.U <ul5vllj ejlaJl J_$iL^Jl
L! La?^j al^-<LL c p L ^ l^g ^ ^ ll i J? ^a
ii jj — Slj J^tiJJ cjLaJl JupI j^Jl £^y~au ( ^L>- LjUa-?“j>La l_g-L» -Li-Lj
i ~ j LoL«jij s y Ij jj>l?dlj l^>j-^>cJ| jLj>-l L<kj|j .UjjJ ia^JL« /^oL^vjNl
^-2j) j\ L^j la < ./gj c_jjL>cjJl ^oljj>- O’lj^ill __»
4-*^JaJl ~JLp jl ( _ 5 j Lj j_;_aJ I .^.SoC Lo ^wi5 i.'uJLp- ^.iL-o JjjLCjH
c ‘^P'jLLJt olpj-v3j-«-ll ^j-s Lft (j.ll*_oJlj t oLLLl 4^_Ja ii
s-LoJlj l^j\ jJii I *>La t L^J j.?- LgJj^Cj ^Jl v^jL>cJl 11 4 la ■»»>' j^_>
(Hippocrates) 1 ^ «,/? > >cAj ^Ji
<LwJLj U^> ^viS*! c ci— >«-> ^ ^ i^-LL)
^JJi JJjJjl (Tacitus) (Polybus) ^ j^J ^ jj jJl
.oNl jjUJi jj^-wvo
fUj j-sXo j^>- ( ^y0 UjLp ^iLvw^ L-Ji
^ j ^ * a j-aXo L-3^p (j?l j^-p ‘"■^l^L'-^-'V I
4_al J.. L 2 J I o-U *yi JJiIaLLII Oj-3 ^_*_> Nj t jLj Nj
J} iJajlj t oLJa^oJl 0wi_®> U^aXpI jjj oCJl ^ JJJ
^ LLaajIjI t AjjS JwJllI U-ojNj t[cjA^- ^i] laJj«Jl
j-^L^aaJI ?-U-J cOLsI U_iip Ol S Lo-iLJj <• ‘Kj jJ Lo
^ g P? aJ- ^aAAi (jl L^jl La Ijlj (Jljpj/lj
Lf (_yJ-p ^j^a LpLwal j_jal t^ijLJl j*-*j-jjj->
LaJ i^iaLLaJl j»L»J awial^o La ^jOS>^m ^ I ^1 L^j^avJaJ JLoLM
(jl? Jj A?Lvjl C^pljj <Uj l _j-*-J 4 jIj 1 4j^Ajall auJlP
(_j-Ip ^j. ’ - Ja ■ > LjI .il iji-la i_r^i LI >— 3_jjJaJl tiLL J-? 4
117
U uIaj (Quintus Curtius) <J-U^
Lo jjJb w 03 jJIoj ol 4-L*33 49 jUnJ I
.jt-^Lol 3 ^<» +/s\\ <CSSLo 43jL>sJ! 4jj^ 3 LJ 4*J»P /jliaJo
(Jl^sVlj <LoL*oVl ^iljjJl jJljjj 1 ~ISj LjLilj ^JL> Lilli 4 1 -lSLaj
. wIpLJ^P 4j ^JL) La JwL&j
<jL*^Jl J ^Jaj ^■'■' -l +/sj>- <-> i3Jj oJJli cLLUlS" Li* ^y>
1 ioL»j^! a_»— . I? il 4 ol^Ji>L^<iJlj JLo-pVI DjlSj
ijjfc 4 _L_^I j_* 3 4 ijl ^Z L,*>Ul; [<L^»-j_iJ_ 9 J-Jjjl ^woJl lj^^Jw*-A*
(*-^^ >y Jr® ^ j*-® <_sH JJ^Jl
\^jyu> ^ Jjjb ^Jl Jjlls ->j-*L j*J
^J-p Lgjjjpixju Lioj ojl_li>-^>L»Jl ijt -g
<* f. *
lLLjj ijl Ll«-L*_> J 4 jLw^j^l <1 *_vJaJ| ^LoLa l > ■», la *J 4 A-ij-><jJl
Jw<w>Jj .^bUa^Jij 0*>Uljl Jib J-*j llPjl jj *>\i t
d)L j»-LwJ UJI j*-P .IjLvSjsJI ^*0 4 ,. .,/? <3 1 ^1 ^Jl 4-oLJi
^wUl jU C ^j5j ^ L*-£jj^ cJj ^-JLD^ 4i.* */? .fl.U
«■ * (• s 2 0
1 ^Uj^JI ^jA |j->l 4 JI Lo Ij-JlS
p ^ K 5* IV
ji >'L*(sl ^ ^l$oj 4 a-Lo-PjJl lj.ili Nj N j-*_?
jUit ^ jJl y iJ jJ jJ t ^r^J -r»-^ jt p-fVj cJt5 L-p
j-~&j 3iLji J^«J] lJ_ss ^jj> 1_£_L^2j><J aj J^" ‘•juJLS^ jJ j ^Ul
4 ( ^yjL^j v yi (Jj-?~ ^Lp cjL12^»-“!4« (^i 4 c
,_^l ijt /_j-P 4La~3J jSlaJLj L^lL^j i)\S U>-^-a 4 j jZ>u (_gl C->
AXpU... ^ J i^.is-1 J O^S" UJj 4 ^2>l J-P^ 1
^Ja^jJl j cI*>U~<kP' ^liirtjl *)! 4
^S>J > &J -i-pi L^vjLo-^ 4jj2fzs}\ (J^ 4 J L> /^ ->iJ’ 1
. 'U WMJJ oj^
118
P P 4* p ^
01 aOjL-^jOM (jLuj'yi jji jxJi ijla jjj 01 'y
<, — Sj^JaJl p. ^ . Lp 0«-*-o-X>- 1 01 jj^lUl ^-op>- jL J j-ill .Xa>- ^Jl -LXo-j
I jis 01 0 j3 ^-0 4 4XP Of 4— -4j JOOxJLi (j jj"^zS^~^ l l .— dj
iJui JjLoJ 4*4 jOI1j aJlO^oJI j»L5O>-0llj £-0001 s_9*}Lx>-0^ LL^
L _ r iUJi .^JaJl *l>=rl u* *Jrr $ t/ ^ >yrj ^ y' t/
IxOLoj t ^piix>ijo OjJLOJl <dip>-*>\j La jls 0 JJ 3 ^jA
^=r>> <*-*j cj^j 1 ^ L5^' - u- '_^' Or* a ^> (X^ t>°
.fUixOfl J jJi jOl (j^o
< fjLv2^> > y lj 4X^>jO/l 1 sOLx>-Lj ^ j il^'j jo I j_p 4 aXx>o ,J-a
( j_A jjl OLp j-v2j ,j_jJJl 0-l^xJl j oiljtU 5jLd>Jl S jJLlI j*_L*Xj lXA /yi
>.- i h > o Jjfc .jyJli ojIj ^Js iy~^ ^1 j {- ai j t < lxJjjLL> jj-a ^jL*»jO/I
• *' <*
0- A ^_a ^ jP»-'yi | ^pJX>eJl ^j-P I j_JL 5 4_j j_v2_>_9 45"j-L^a ^3 ^j^J->Jl lj-A
1 _ 5 -Lp 4_*_^JaJl L^XXXaj ^yX-5 1 ^LJaJl 4-jilx>t_ao ( j r; -oJ_a ^ t .«. . /3 . >
Jj*- 1 jJl jLxil i«_iLx>sj Jj& .^UaXjl j oL" ^ LgJai>cJ oJisj
1- i-fc IXXSOa-i S Aj>- y >*~ wjJl j 4-1 j a la il 4 j0j>- c_30Lx>- 1 k_wv«>cj I
^j^jjJxll JjuxlL; OLHaJl olS OaL*Jl olii>-^L<Jl ^0 jj£ ( ^ r * (Jlj-vJl
jLa-pl c^jj_Lx>t-o jtw^j ^xll 4-0jx>t-oJl j-pI I xJ lxjl—v^L^>-^/
0 jjljJLa L^-ili 3 jj 4_>p?U»Jl ^4-JaJl ^X?-j .Aj oli jJbk-Jl
.- y L -.~ la — 1 j , lp> r M ..*J L) ' L^J o'y^J^ 4 1
.^y. ^ aL>%j IxS" ^i--y a ^>- ^2 Ixx^j 01 j 1 c ^ ^a>-^a\ l^ijl 01
J-LJ ^j| (JLr^j/I ^axj J->CJ jl 4 jIj 3 SI ^ 5 ^}
^jL*_xj Olf-LxOL^I J 4 (-0 J j-*_a £_sl3 ^1 ^-a 4- 0 , l a XX a 4ja_jlj
j»-5v4>jl 43 jJ«-» Lx«j La UxSLl J . ( j^UJl j-ww» j J 4X~*-oS>J (_s^ll ^lj-L^«Jl
cioldJ 43jl>Jlj 4^JaXXa*y0l 01*3011 oAA Jx' 3 A3*)Lla| ^JJl
4 L 3 1 j_>- * y 1 oi-L) jj g ia oLp ^“~‘ i i_s^^ cjLojLw^>-'y 1 01 lj jL>-
119
fUii^L ioLjtaJl LgJ*y j * — >L-a»*yi c— —La iivs^jLicJl
^Jl (jj jj *)! o\ oJ^>L>- coLa ^JUj ^jJl ./jIJ ojjtJ 4 ->j.j Jij
\j jl La ^ > — iS L l ^ 4— ^P
.Ja*Jj J~>o" CjIjS Lijl~)
jjJu (^AJl lLUAS «wi
U j-< L) tcJjVl U j g la .a Ji J O ^jjJJl ^UJl o]
f f. f.
iwiiLitiJ L» I j*p£ L^Lt^J v )L— a^l ^ si jJ ^1 j->l isLj j ^ap
. Lg-LaP La-) la ./?■> jl Lgj^S" t jLl*-»J1 La jL> ^jP
3-lP ^Lp 4-» i . la ll al^j>-l (J^" ^ *-) j; ia •>-*)!-) jJl 4 -L-a jjj 1
jl 1^33 J-*-^ jiicJl JP ^1 ti-iL-Jlj ^iljjJl ^ £»lj
ja|jj>-j/l 4— fla-a j| jjt! <J j} .-^$La-> La Jjl jl j j_U>rJ l L^XSjAp -1 *j
^ i L y^ Jp )— ii-ix-i ^1 l j_a 4— jljLa jj_$j jJ jl Jj-Syj [^-SjJLj LaJ]
L— 4 j £t. •/} >_ jlj->Jl ljJS> jl_j -.4— S"jca k— )L_ *)l J-aP /j-a La-i|_J C <_-<».«' I
^ojpJl jl jj-l>sj LaJUp l 4ji^- jUl oUi>-jLa-!l 4 ^-Xj La <J“>L=- ^a
^^a 4— «S”L*-a ^../ggi aCjjfjAPaJl [^^3 J ~~. 1 4— St*_a jl /j— j j^— 3jJI
j— 4-> jl ^jlj-a JjJ-ia (_^S Jj l Lg—3 JjLij JP j-1-n 42-)J > — •’l—jj/l
(j-° jJ <Jj-4J jl ( j-« v3»-Lj 4jjA—!| j\ 4jiajU>«Jl ipLUl * 43j-J tw-«— ^>)
Lg <L> O^jpJl jl j^aaa^u d]j-Aj 4P l.« .,rg.H iw'^-Lv 5 A3^Jl L^-iilp
p ** ** i< j. Ojj
jjJi ^ ^JLJl <jlijJl ^ j\ ^
• 6^^ L— ^ |3? | 2 I 1— Lj ^
A^Lp oJ-pU <Li^^U2Jl pj L i-jjl 0 Cj*VL>* AJoL^j
^.Lp ^ ci^L^^vvu^Ji^ c— j ^ I ^--a-^>- jlj-^3j/l jl [LAlj^-a]
JuLijJl ^J| o3j-a La-) I L)L-?-l 33jjJl ^jA 4—3 J-3 La jlj t f-lj-jJl
• iLLa^a )l— ul
} $. ^ ^ fr >
O^lz^oji Jp^y.l tj Lajjp ^jLwvU^li (J LsA>
120
olx*_<>Jl I LI la-Up J l IXxJ jJ p_A«JU jl Ajt-yffliJ
« w c- 1 . * p w
c (j£ i o^) ^iaJ^o P **— ■ C-— ^ jJL) L^w\J*_P_j
Lo-^JLj jii>c-> li j t jvo'Sji Ul» u-^pL) iw^JaJi *y j k_i _^JuiJi
^j-jJ-Ul jjl jjJlj OjJj^j.Jl ( j_a (_£.iL-oJl 0 -La La A_al_*_> I^SL-J jl
ojll>- ill .^UoLfl -UvX>J! jl j j*j jt-A .^1 _^><JI ^ l ia . ’ . J I
, .t . . I „ _ -. .. - - r
AU> j!
P P W P
Lp jIj t 4— 3 AX-aLS J^ 2 _I -Xj aLjLs- (C a-9 oJ_P jl« t oJl.
oJO^Xa i^JUjl Lj J-bj jl -bLI [dUU] LgJl j C L-<i_£3 Li Lis
jl L^xSLa-; LI L-S-jLs- j-g-iij (_5“-il A^jalXaLLlI Lbl-Ls-Lll jlj i L^-La-P
p ■» p ^
^-va-^i-J >.lg,.] I L^j ^yzS-i N *L* „ « )gjl J -3 Jl l)^-^->
Lfc ^>JJj) LgJLk-P ^3 ^Uali^t
p *
(JLI-U-aLIl ^jlisu jl AajJ t 4—wii ^a' L»-> 5 _-b-a 1 -j j—j — ill jl£ lil
^j-a ^-jS” ^i < j^La_> JJb (. L^LbJbaj aLsUJI CjljjJl <JL*jl ^JlP A—pjj
LaXpL-Xj j_j-bil As«_S jJLa*>Ul j A-aJa-XbaLLil bbljl j_4_ll j->««-fl-i jl jjjs-Lll
A-^sLbJl oLib>Jl ^jA aUp- j jijS*J jja-Lil j-LJjl J-3 P^lxll
<— jIj_>- l...a - 1 ? LSI ^ajs^JxJI j^j-P j-LsAj ~ba_a t j*— g_9 jjJ sj jv-^-pLJaJ
ajl jl j~jJl ^9 ^Lll jaL" bbsbi l^XpL-a jjiL Ax£)j I 1 — 9
AX>-Lia Ljj^>- /^p a.*— is o^jL-i k_i ^p ^jA v_jLx«^j bij .oaLLp Jjlbo
La -U p ^yljs-j .5^P ( _yLp La cLo Ai^U<s bi ax53 j I a 5T ji--a
p •»
Ljxa ; AX-*j <• 0 j-P j^^i-P jl A^-Jlj ^j,/s -b_JX.il jJjui
, «V P * * p
. *Lv.]a^Cwd *Vj 4 JuLj Lo ^ ^ IjL^I
4 (i a/3 i L^jI 4<LoLa^uVl 4 L j*c^_laJ! 4 _^jI^ lo 4j>-
Lojjj c «LpI ji jv-^J
4 J_>l ^^4 ^Lp J-a-’j JL9 AblsUl ^jljjJlj J_5iL-<JI jli AjyfcUaJl
C^' ^rL^' U j*s> j < jJa^Jlji l) L a-tt^T
121
^Lol a] j g ..«) N Lg^Svlj oil \£3 L«j La Lg_>i
. ^ g j 3 1 1 ^Jl a^ji^jj jLvj^i! L&LJ
LoIjNl JbjVlj ^jljjJl jl jZ . sNl j! JaA9 j g laj 'V ijJjfcj
(_^l ^ Jj_*jiaJlj i^~^-Jl La jJJL jJljjJlj ^ Lla . t . i V I ^y> ^A
ajil JlS pJa^oJl jl lift jl lLUJL jjj t<j*-wJaJl
^5 ^ Laj^ai»- IJj! ^jJL j«Jj 1 ( _$-U ja>^j i m j^'
£-vaJf- ~LaJL*«j US' UJ J .AjjLxJl eLw>Jl Nj 4-iL-J-iJl
Lxj L>- Ll i i^ I
jl
■-) US' UJj l L^>»jJl ^^.a ( J-»_ i*i 1*1 *■*! i i **Vn JL 4_aJ_*_
Jl
« « o'
N J-43 C <b L°jp ^jJa 1 *«< 4j jJoflLJ L*jI^ LaU >X>-J UIlLp
^ el) ^jJl ^UioNl IJlA jl ^ip Ol L5^i
- w ft
aJLL*J^oJ 1 sJJ^ ^ I 4^3 .A^JLwwO ^ jJl jU-*^ 2 -oJl jJt 4^jLv*o^/I
jlj u Sy~M tUU^- ( _ 5 J> J jU>S? I e-LiJ ^-ft Us y>- c LLl Ml .L 4 J
.6 jJ*-'}/l Dl Jl 8.U ^Jlft 4 jL>oL
JJ J IJuH I ^ ^UJL ^UJ Jj>UuJl ilJjNl juJ
4-jL ^3 ^jU^J (_}^® J-a-UL jl j.ilUl Q-* L» 4 oL*_oJL>wJl
<S* L5^' c^i £yrj\ ‘jj - 5 j-* j' j'
f. »*
^-5313 t J^pluDl j_*J 4_) ^ 1 ^U-> Lws->sJLvwwO 4_jj J
^JJl ^v^LSJl 4 j'U^>~ Ji'y I jJJ toiyUj ^jwo^J /^>3 j^Jl
L>3iJ-LP ^ul ^O^Jo t^UAS' . 4 -Lo-P jL<>JLi ^J L^JLl l 4 J )
w I A^e-Wb*’ 4-iLi t (J^i-^3 +/> I 4JLP Ly g - >
ft ^
U jUi .4jL>tJ 4 j JJ j^aJl ^jil jr^Jl <iXL 4 J Ij ol (^5*^
** p —
t L^jLL Lo OjJjtPxJj t jLLta ^a
^yJI L^IjNl JLojM ^j_a Ijjlj^a L»x^ ^_gjLo>- j^l j^>-j^x^»j
£a 4_s<sl>Jl (Jij J^-Lio jl jj jlaT' . j
<LdjLjJl L jJJtJl ( j-a jjJi>-L C eJLA p^jL?-L^L>al ^yS J
122
<l)jjJjl*jj t olp A aL*JLoJ] N ^9 p-gjLLLS"
U { j*s- j jJJLwv^ !. <L*.. ? ]g 11 ^oLl^S” CjJLJI jl ^~«jL>-
<*
■Xojj ^3 aJLj-P ^J_P (J ^pl !>,>,/? I li C LqjI. 3 /r° 1 j-ilS'
jl > t L^s ^lll O^'yi ( _ 5 J-P 4 _Lj^j jdii t J^P
.oMNI dll' 4 jL*9 jj <jl 4j1 jA)UwI jJJL j*-£X» 4jLx9 jj <_~w*u
(JLx-j'S/ wwOj_>cJl]| IJlAj ^l-DJLvu^f 1 l-i_A jli t
^3 <jLwj| 4 ^>j dl Sl^J ^3 otAi-Aj c^jj3»- s yi
^ p wf ^ 0
L«J-Lp Jj_>- ^J. L— Jl L)U J JajL> JU»
0j^ ^ yg ll A-Ja ^JuP Lo I j_j 15 -Li ^LJl JuS^ (jl J
La j— wvjIj j L l qjl) jXJ
(^1 j I -La (^lj L*j_j jl5 La^
3l£> jv-^'L^- <y ^Ui J5 jj5 ^p JkJ>\ <_3^Ai
1 j_A> i)j£j ^ 43 jj<_«J1 (_£ jjgJ j*-^3 <1)1 jJJj dli Id*
(j-Xj j*-l J-! £t-JjjJl JL>- jj-S\j <1)1 La-9 C aJ (_$! jJl
J ^djd»uVl 4 j ^> t-J jj- 0 °LJ-via^>- LU La vw»«J ^-j^oJl d3wlv3 ( ^9
4JlSdil_o ^JLJ Cj^~ > (*^ j- Lo_Lp j j-5vj <1)1
. L?.U ^-1 ^ (_9^L>-^M j ^So ^Lp
— — ^L>-1 wLJ^j ^Jl_P 4 o-XS'^^o C 0^3 ~>^-<>J' 1
4 ^- jjx**i ^J-3^ j ?<JL«j v yi ^3 jl5 ^il dllxJ L j
<lr^ 'M c v^ :> ' j' L?' <^i
dLL J~aJ ^P ‘Ua^vL’I <• I^^vwjLp^Ij La-^-i Lwaji^j S]^L%a
p, ** <»
(jl Lo JUi^JI jJLo l^J ?*— i j jlz Jl xiJJu /J^° J oL-v2jL^JLjI
jly)fl <1)J3 ^ J^l jl jt-LJ! cjl J>
C4j3lj^/t cj l-«-9 's' 1 ^sljjJl j j r A (jLiXj'^l IwLgJJ C Bjjj../i?,\l <_ ~&Xao
• 3>DI Jl jlill
123
wljJl 4 j Jsuj ^JU l Jjil jjl (_£J»a <.'^k*3j
.>.> jjj ^jJ i ^L>t>sJ! ^jja jU l 4^iL>eJl 4 j»s!jJIj
(_r^j (j-° O IxJjJLa U^JI j o^u-lj U^JL, jl jiNl
Ajj jJ& 4JL>ruX_*j ^ _a-jj5j ij_Jlj jj j 4 J jLa V ( j_w>«_ljli
. ^jl wU^L>cJI jl * *&3 J jlj.XpxJl ' jW tJ '**^l j^ L$~°
jl J_Ja-4j c jj^»wJI 4jj/jb>c_s ^J5 ^3 •* -'!->■ ,J5 Au h^>cJ
N (_ 5^1 jUwwJl 4*-Js? Jj-Ljj jl ^i-t- -Vj JL^ c-Jl_^ y>r^>x}' l u JJd5j
e I s
0 1 Lj 2 »«wc*^£ t I | ^ 1 I Q I ^
j\ t j-®N <Ls jJl jt_^lplisj ^l^jxJl oLj jJijL)
j^-P 4JLJO ^Jal JH > " ^-* J ^ ^ ^UC-JL ^ J-*-* i_rH
<15 ^>-j c iwj j-gJl l _ s Jl 4_x_>l^j ^j-Xj>J 1 ^j?_s j .' jLSjj'yi ^_o 4_l_^jLs»
ol_ 5j-?-J l *Lo jJ) »_ 2 jJj l.42L>Jl ^j£- ^I^Jl JL*a_fl->lj t ->‘>L?tJI
~ * * — '-•. ^ . 1 1 *« ■— ■ 1 — jjj 1 . ^ A^ aJww^L*^ 0 A ^ l A jy ..A — 1 ^ jc_— ‘ 1
jr° “JJj - 4 (5“^ 1 5 jj-i (.'V O j/ ^JJl ^Jj .LjIjNI JUiSlj
j!5 jJ Uj= oj^-JI jyj jJL ^1 ( j ^~ 1 j-^j ,4ij- ^J| 4Jtj>-
^ p t #* _
|>Lal jl l ^5lJJl ^3 C>J~^> l^tJl C^Lf- j-/> j_<kjLj Lla_^J ^3 vjj-L>eJl 1 j_*
l ■ ~> ) y<^ *— J . J I C 3~ — ^- • «* - " >■■' 1 AiwA^j^nAj t ^>0 1 1
LgJ L&j I 4 - 0^A->- ^Jl j| , < LoL)^3 OJ J ^_s<SI 4„w<3w^j jl jJ
oJj>- j^>Jl CjLc-^s^j jjj" jiaJl *_s jy3.i ^3 su^aj j-jjJl
«-Uk^l JwLj jJ .45 j\ t j/L^ilj A^j^> j\ j j5j Lg-j
^ f- 4K
.Ijjl <Jj^u jl jjj^jJl ^ l^JU-p-j jj^j t «-L«i*yi
»» >«
Aj t Lo^iLw^o 4^3 J3 jJ^“J i_ 5 ~° ^
t , *> «=> 0 e>
4j 1 ^1 lw>Ja^ O-UJs UaL>t^ ^jj^>-ji lLwk> LiL>J_*£3
fi. 0
jJl ^LoJjLa jl ^3 L*^Js toj^Li^Jl Jl; 3 ^JLxJaj
Ow^JI Ja .g..* ^ : (jl 0>A->cjl Ij-A { j-A A.tf.»,>-
a»S/Ij pLJi Jj>- J-&J L A-wvj2j
124
jX-fi l-Lo O^-^T O^^j tl)l J J
<_$_j-® LSL i_f^i otSjl y^>_ JljJj Lp-Lp*^ jl jj~^-i L-LI^'
jj <ul ( j c iJl ^-Ip j»JL^I t _^jl J ji L» .lil oLj>l j^i s l\ jJL .j^.Ij
Ail jJLlpIj .jLJl LfKU .iiL_* '-a p J u j cjLJl ^3 dJ_j ^oJlj
^aJI La LI AjLi j^Jl> ^^XAj c£jl ‘Ljj l-L^J LXjI jl
aJi->jj <da_>ij ^yJL-i ,jj Llj c 0 J_vt 2 J La -L=XJ j*Jj ajjLJl ^J^a A^a^AXj
ii ^X j jl a-Sj j-*-a y£- j y> (jjl ^ iaX....j N . alj-^Jl ^3 LaLao
P »* p. p,
^•j-sL-aJl J5L3 l-L?- ^jLLsL-a OpJl?- j_®j tJjN! o_i>JLi jlSLol ^ol
S3 j-ijj Ala_A>i-a j^JaJl J-^P Lj^Xj *)L >-j jl .AaLw-)^/I 4-^^JgJJ 43j jJAoJl
(Charing-Cross) ^ _ ^JjjLL 1 -L 3 ^Jl ^Ip ^jssjJL alJLJI
■p (, H f,
1^3 jjJL t^LJjJl ^3 <LvLj IjL^O j » jgj L^jI ^3^Jo jl <J
La ol .0-^1 l^_v^vv^J jV-J J 4-£-L» LaJo>*_w> 4 JI £_3^Jo ol 4-1
I -La ^ jjo-O ^Lvj^'l I Ju
^^Lop^I Jii^L-wwJL 0 U L« c ^j-JLJl 4 j^LLw« c^J— -- aJi
a^W^li-Jl ^JaJl o.L& JjU ^LU
* 5* «* f,
^3 ^-^LJl l^-A-Lo O^J---<1j L<OjI^ \jX1p ^..g— > I Pj C^LJ!
f* & ^
4j jl ji*Vl jjj? I L>l y>\ !_Jj^ial ji t p_A j^SLaJj ^ , Cjto^a
.^IjliaJl (jjl^JL (J j^J) ^j}\ ^Lwi J^y2-*J| JwS ^3 ljj_>l C jgjlUL
Lj ^_X_£- 1 Lo I 3 L 3 (_5-Lp aJ|
J-S" 0 1 Aj>x3^a IL Li c L^-i L^u I ( v r p LLj I ^Lu ^_a 1 cj LJ_o_p
jj_a J_^jl Lj*>Lj| aj_S> AS ^A3 ^3 LLa->xJ tj! ^-Li! Lg-X5La-j N L_iL$LLa
p i» P p ia p
£jA JJl ol J <• L ^>XLa j>UaXjL Av^LL oLp jl Ala3>-'^La
.iiL f^i3jwi3>-] ^UxpI L I ] l-Lft j J, g L ^j_a L^LxpI NLLxjI
^j-a J^sLarJl JJ* j^jJ-sJLoJl ^LxXX-^aj/l Ijja jl ^a-pjj
C- m ** 0
-Aj ol lg-ll I L-PWA«AaJ| l ^ P^-
125
^ 1 -P 3 ^»LJl 6^3 ^ ^ J ^oJl 1 -LgJ 4-0 1 j-s^Jl jj -L^J ^y. 2 J>ti
t c-
OjSjJb a! *-■..?- A_*^_JaJl C-AjJ-i ^Jj J->ol )Li iLaJLc-'^l ^Jl (jJ j-S
5 * *»
0 ^-iiii_«_a Oj_*_>-jj L«JJ-P ji .(J ^_*_)L»Jl j >w~....«../ il j -v£ ’
l-i-A JJL»_> Ojj -*-“> j *^3 <• (_£“^ ^ 3 « A 3 CjLJ-o^ > — ^j*<5 » ( j i lj^aXj
J y c^! ^ i>* ^j-^: (*-$^ £3ilSi ^ J^Uj'yi
(j-^ ^ s ^~> c_r^^ kLLLj aj^Lo iSj^ fj-p (J-^ 5 ^-’ j^xjLoJ I /j.j
^j-p <*_s j-*_> N UoL ^L^j'i/I U ^y*/2s>- t L15J j . ( JJL*Jl j jSLa}\
v p ** ** p
( jj-o oollil <jl I ^ w)_x_)l L il^ j^ 4 L^-p o Ls" U <-^^wwvJl
^j -0 4_-o jZj La^ 4 O-'Lp ^ oJl
66x^*»j 1 L^LS* \j\ l^j-sl ^LJl <1)1 Ij«l>“^ L6 — 1 j t ^_>-!
< 1)1 LlJuP j.^^j'Sl t ^jA (Jj-^£ jJ$3 4 4j^1j^/I JLfcjS/l ^3 | / ^ XjLsJsJ \ J^-uLk
. - P P *
lj_& <1)1 ^-Pjj ,s jL-^ j 1 ^j-o iS* ^JLvIw^ ©J_>6 j ojj j +ja.j c_3 jJL-*_j
4— ■».».<«.«.> cl^^ 4 ^Liil I tjL^l «-i-3 •Aw'ii 1
f. “
LaJ| j£Ui^}\ (_$jJ j_><j^vu LJli to^ljNl c->Lw^*J ^J| ijjj_viJl
^Ip iijjj^a}\j (. p_^Lvj>-l AjLJL>c. j N t Jais JaiULi AjjjL 1 L>ij
4 i ^3 4 Lg *>■ Coj ^ ^ 4 I JjI wL) jtJ 4 L^L*> <U3 L*Jc>"L ^JJl
61 ^-v2^j p*-p^ 3 j^h ^ J .IJjI 4 - 3 ^1 ^ ^ 2 ^ Aj 61
— * — «-^ — ^ 1 ^J_il LWL^jjI 1 <» — Jl Jl^-P ^3 iijJ_j (jl «LX^Coj ^j-fcjJl
.iUUJl oUj'i^CU Ajjlj^/l (JL*iVl ^ aJ N UaLojIj t
ni ^ Y l. dJJii cN r i f>^\ Ha yi\ dj& Ja ui
S P
xJJ j»-®J^ | A-A^u^A-aJI e-^j^A <_5^ C '
AjjLoJl >_jL^»i'yi ^W 1 AJ t 0 jj 1 ^.,^?Sl
jJLLj
aJL»v»JI sJL^J cjjJaJl ^jO Ojj- Lj ^Uil (j! t “>l*i j
i ^2j>zJLi ^y> L^^JtJL^o l ^gi' i)jj LaAXP o jj j.~/> J \j Aj ^>J lj aJLUjuJI
A f
0^* 63 Lj L^wL) ^ ^ p ^ .o^ljVl C-^L-Lo-P^ 4 ^j-^wiJl ^ 4 ^ ^ » v wa 6 ' L^LLj
126
i aJjLrJ! o~LaL>J! o^LUl^ v^L-U-p U-w^V^' i \ ^JL^a
C 0 JJ ^*/3.1ljj 4^UJJ 0 J Sb J<jl ^SnJ (1)^-*U^Lw% 0 p-fel Jjk SLwk j}aj\j
{ jJ) ULh tC^Lp ^-s^j-o-U OwjLj (1)1 jJLs! Oj-SU Ij-P La ^_9
(1) C-^LsX*>eJl oJjfe OolS La LL L ^>-V ^J-S^ y* ^j-^Ul ^U^U
^j-aLJl OLS” La lil^ c ioLUl Ubj X j ^iJI U 'I iiiij <lL^>*
ULs oLJ-o-p ^9 ^JS-jjo oL^Jl o-L& <1)L US Ijl o j j^-i
.^la.fl.l JI^->- 4 jL U (1)1 JiVl ^Lp UjJ jl t (JIJLpJI c_49 j
^j-p ^lLI ® jSS U LI *^L~iU j^*-> ^ « * *> La jU ^Lp Lsl^ij
o^9 ^Jl *■ 4 ^^jL>JI c^Lpj-s^^-Ui o^L-U-p JJ»b 4^--Ul^ j UJ I
o^ljVl <jL*^sVl ^J->-b tJ-xjl ^jjl Jk->?_j LI IuSUj V <L I
^j->“ (jjl aJUv-UI jLSLai (jjl 4^o-) t l jjb jJJ
(1)1 jUJiJi IU& ^J-P j-U ^-J-Uo L^a^La (* ^J_>c-a
(l)lj t ciib (J ji £<3 j ( 1)1 JUUl ^9 jJl jJl a2j ^h , Jl
(1)1^ l <LoUJl *^Us^Vl ^JlP LlLUa jUUJ ^wsUl (_£.-LoJl ^aj>vJL>
Jij t^UjLw*Vlj doLJl (1)1 jJL9^l J-A Lg_La <L9 yu Lo JS (l)i UUjI
-U-a/3 4j j^.ygj U1 Ljj>-j UjjJ .^JJL La ^3 L» g*P Uwl>tJ
^1 (Ub *\ju L^SUj 4jI Vl i^jUoVI ^j^UJ a , q « *,^\\ oSa
jL*_9l j ^ o ^ a la ) t_5^i ^_) L; La~X_LP 4-> ^\ -L>e-J
U j I jJu UL LI jZs\ oA^J j! L^jJb jl5 UJ *Jl viJUi .5ilj>n
<*
^Jl j-c [Ijjj-o] LjU-Lu^L (»jJJ MS L Jj t^LJsj
»dLLlj LJsJ i— si jJLf-'^ll iu j4^ Nj 4 j yJhSs-A LJli 4 ^jS> y>
oMjl-u aJjI-U J5 cJ-J j-c L^j \SjjJ\ ^1 i J j J MaS\
. LS'ji^wj Ujj^vu OjI ^ ia>- o jJa?- ^jS 4 LjLw>-
ll 4j ji. j)\ JaJli>j ^>»L^>-I I 4j o^Lii jU 0*1 (1)
: -J** 5 L>^ J*** ^! Ll^jl /^o j^S”
127
(. *
4j y>tJi ylJl j-slw<Jl IwA_A a \^>\ yoJ L^lSsJ^
£ ^ tf* *|
^^JuJl y5”l i ULjJ^Llw&J| ySl cSjj^yiJlj
yLyi J5 jl t _ 5 ic- JJjJI i*U>N __y ^*>15 LajJu N -U$ caJ’^U-
iw^wftJu 4 _ ? JLc- LfpU^>-l a^hJI c_^aJl« L ji oJlS’ Jls
4-laL-o C-Jl£ .li < jUI |Jl& y 4»«j_s<aj>Jl jlj co jjj^sJl
cjLo*lll ^ ^ O^ja,) LadJJt- Aj ^j*sJLi 2 j < AA.<>J 1 L« .i| c j*}\ d>J <Jajjj
j»~lp ^ jdS c5^ 4 ' ijl y**j dl IdS-LoJ N AjI ^Ltd N ?A_o|j^I
■* *
Jjt3 jy ( J-*i jj\ j^j *y cd-Otj cOjj-laJlj Jj :; ^Jlj ^IjdJL; JpLjjNI
y> Ji J-^LaJI y A-^^5 4JLJL : M ( Jp C* W .J 4 j£j J-*i j\ Oita JjO jlSl *1 ys> Jlwi'yi ya
OjlSs^l ^ JP ,y ^JjlaXj ^yj .^JjCilil yL>u L)^ Al^aj t ( J-9L P j\ j£jla yjl5" {£ ^ ^y AyS
LgJuUb yJl Ajj^-I 01 LdXa 4 AjjjL.^ CdLpy*^?y ya dJJOJ yyJl ^LUXvO ^Jp
jj ^ l! y jO U^- oNlyOU^ jl *L£jNl yL*jj pyJl siUi c_j >Lp y C - — ■ ) ojj
tl)l LJ j y£ AjI "Vj . aJ <Jl^_a yA t^\ o 0>Lp^_«P^l! Jld^-1 o ySvfl ya jj i^ll |»Jp j\
JUiSfl y Jjd I ^JJ 5^La->Ut ji IJu Jia u iyl* UJ^: UJI
La ly5 AjLs 4 LgJpli vlld lil Cj^ L^>-LUJLw»>I ya y j La A^Lp <. AoL^j'V I
^1 LoLaJlj ljipw LcS" LLJj jL>t_,l -LXp iJi-A L)1 CdJji
*>LJ .5 ^j-aLwvd^-N! Ij-A y Xo-$ 4 A^-Uijdl ol pjw^jil (J^
>wJLc> ^y Lj^IjN aa^wc»L?- LJL*jI L)1 LJ1 .^Lo>l aj^^-I La^a>- < y> - ^ LJL&y
^y^J)! La y-a LjN t *L*~^?L>- j^e- 1 ^ . .. d > Solj^l d! bji uL~-Sll
el>A! J5 ^ e-L AP l^cl l ^ ^ >- 1 cdL3*xJL«^/l c dUo
/ y m-i > [ (> yjlAij y <j jJjij La^ Lyc _$!] 5^1 j| <JL^- L^mjJj yp 4J^^d>
y 5 Lad ol 5 ^ Ji aS - yL -1 Owi-As jl t S^IjNl JLJ>- L )1 LLw-ajI Lj| .L^-Jp yiju*J
aJ^L^- (_£wlj Ljj>- jJ oL ^Ji\ Ll-»1 il ^il l ) y 0^
y A^pjpl Oljy l)L ^ LJJ <j! *)L«j o'Vl ^.1? Ei3l3 oilj^/l (JL->-] ol aJL
yls»L y A_>y>o L--*>L«d>“l i_$y La-g_a LJi -A-*5*Vl y° ,LJL*^I j^^ 3 !
jwL»_> <j] yi>-j t LpL-U L-olj^ ya LJL*^I ol Ji>-^Ai c^Lp y^-a-A aJUj tb_^ij!
^ij ji? ya O jIp ^L.| jJ vi-Ui ^JaJLc^j Ajl (J] A»L*J ^yJUj ajli 4 «*lUS aJ-P
iyi-P ojj y y>- y j] ^1 .Lui-jji j Lyi? Jc*j-J>- ya LiL- (J^-jj <• Lyly j LJl y>-l
.L>iji yil aj jiaiJl i^w»vj>-
128
— > „ ^
oJ_g_3 ^ jj-Jl J 4ioi 4_) La J_*jJl LJ ji J-i N J 4 La I jj! JJ
Si I 4 IJ 4-1 jaJL < _y~*-i jl ^Jal~ ~u N .Lg_i ' ^ JA*-o jLJJ 0 jAUS £jLj
LI jJJ.i J .oIjNl cJ.-L> JI>ej J-*_J| j»J-P jl Ja«j}Jl OjjJ
4 J^L jl L \j£A lilj ‘ jJJS LJ jL 4^L- jJL jl Lj^l lit
p “ ^ ^ # * f,
Lg_iL ^Ul JS |JLo 4 j j^>- 4-^/7 jjjjl 4j ^0>>J| o-L* J^SnJ J .Lygal LJ jl S
* e* w
j-a I LI |J_A 4 ■> j_JjJl ^ N J Lw>*_wa (J ~J ■> JiJ 4A- La
- t*
.iJL-wo
.^xju 4 jLs 4 A> J>JJ 4ja*_> jl LSL-i (_^JJl 4_4 j yLl j LS" L_£a j
LL) j-*-> j^JL jl I o. g. Sjll ! ^j-JL-a^wa j-aa J _J->-l J\ 4-JU-I jl LJ
p 4 w p 4 *
LLpI (^jJj • 4 jL ^a L^Jla jjJJ jl Lo^« tU^ $ £olS Jl 4 jaI-L IS jL-~a
4 ^
^yLLw^a LIS pj/jJjc a LL^L LJ_>t?-j j^ 3 __jjl jjjJLfe La ^>-1 la ILI Lil
.4j-a JbJj i 4S jas ( _ 5 lp AuLL j|l JL
4 0 .ij_>- jJ l — wwwa jjP J-a _Lo»-j-j 1 N jL ( j-aLL!l JL a
Nj 4 ^j-La-a iiij ^>J>5-a 4 Aal j^aj l ^ .,4> LtjL LaJJwP- 4 aS-AJJI jl J
aUJj ,A»-JJ| jL5 jlSLa j! LgJ jjJo 4—4—4?- Oj-AS (Jl (J-*- 1
j P . « P
j Jjj^-L 4_->L_»i j/ 1 jl j-" 1
4_^—a 4 4o jXJ ^Jl jlS Jl J-a-*Ls 4 oLti jJtJ I 0 -AjU [^aLL] LaLa j
. 4 J jjULo.3 4 J LjJ j^S LLJ 4 4jL jjo J^O»-l ^y> *- j>- 4^>- 4 ^-j-Aj
L^J-P j-^*J SjjLJl JaV^I j^-a-Jl 4_^_>- ^j-p j - § Jgj jl -La-*Jj
. OjJ>-LLaJl 0 -La ^P PP jJ >L J-jLLqJI aj ^-Ajj^xil
Nj Jj-j-a L^Jl LJ jl5 LJ LJL-waJJ Jo LJI aJI LLLj jJ LUJ j
LJ 4 L^A-a Lo jl JAa jl jl$] oLp j^JJ jjL jj jJ 4 ^ l^Aa
jl JLsj/l U_Aj .J^-^j-aJlj 4_^_^aJJ t_S j-*-a jl J--_io jl lj_il L-LLal
. L ell ^JLvll 4 LLil^JI t ^AaL j JjjI (*';0
129
ar*h < U Lfij j-*J J jl>- ^j-aJ 4 La ^-.g i 4XP LJ ( Jw24>sj (jl ^j^va-i
LtUJl jl 4 <La jr-fc-2 a ^_P UiLaJl ( J_aJt)X~u <jl Lai 4_ajJ 4 c1jLjXw>iJI ®JlA
a_iij LLi .4-iL^^J ^9 -XgJ^fo (_$jiJl iajjJJ Oli.il j-aJLS^ ij j^Li
V 4 0 j_«jw 2 -U iJLljLa C-Jls” lil 4 j jj-Jl jLs 4 ^Jjij La ^j A-J ^ jLLjl
(1)1 ( _j^' • Li~< .,<•? )l Lr'^' t_y* '«— -LLS^ 4 ^AjLia
.aJ 2y>-j N
JliJl ^ fiJl
ciiJj ^-a j 4 1 jLJLiil ^-LS”! JV-LX^aVl 4_a-j ( j~~J
<Oj > ji (jjl 4.vi^J_aJl o'y.lb>t_aJl !^gS J_gJL>o <jl ^jA 4_aJu>_U
.i^JL LaJOJ 4 4_JLL>iJl ( ^l_Pj ^jjbll (_5^’ ® I Lg-iLpLjOxI (_£^P-Xi
j-O jj-a sL^Uj 4^-isLj- <iiO <1 )j.i (j-a j-g-S l ol-ploi (_$lj-Jl
oj-A ^JjLa-9 4 0 <oLp Lo.^a| 4J (J^y L^L?*- ^jjl (j^^J (jl .XS^J^aJl
4 sL-i^s"! ^j> ji- 'y Lgj'y lo*j <i)i 4 ^j'y'y -U^a'y !
oJLa ^»~4xJ *y 1 ^l*oj v jj 4
.LoJa Lgj!j__9 ^0-1 <1)1 \ ^a-lal (1)1 il)_JJ jj-a La^a-P 4 la o- j»LaJl
(1)L) Ojl>-lj <. i j^3J>cj£}\ IL-Ss JJLa 4-0 ( _ S -Lp' 4^-1 jO 5
Luw-J 4 O^Lpi La-&li L a . S' 4 4 J ^^_&j_a jLS* (1)1
.LgJ (jLOaLwa! <jlXalp.i Ujh La-ilj 4 4^JLL»cj| ^a la SS
(w^-^ajl (_5-4-J Li-J? 4 jj ojj jJ/2 Jl (1)1 t j_Ss_a_)J
O-jliJl jl^JNl Lil l _ s -4_9 4La_g_L^ ^ jJA y>- t _ ? _A ^-UJl
^j~a H U.-^: — o— Jl] ^ jl 4 4^L
(4 - »
CS-® <jb <■ 'j-a-L— ^“LJI JS jSJ J .jJ-\ ^j_vij_a
6JJ J*S3 Jl <1 )Lj 4 4_aL«Jl SL^Jl (_y9j 4 4-~*^XSUl ^jLXa ( j^>jlj-aJl
130
ioljl (oJ->-lj 5Jj!i 3 jL-L la_g_3 ^iljJl <_y® j) jj-Jjl.-Jl LI?
o> U- L cjwj V L ^ j-aj jl Lj_^*_> <ul jliLl Ij_J _l?-I ^Aj ^*J_j >jL*»jjl1
L® ^ Lp <L»jlii O'L^-Lux**'*^ 1 tilAj jl jl_j i 4 _jLvj)JI jLojlL 4 jiL*x<JI
.4_^_iLJLia w. ij j^>j (J j £jl ji 4^_>LijLo tJLsjl ljj^>-
jl Lal^ jJb t U iw,a.l.".>o jl jl? (_^jl ^j-?L>*j L?JJl wL*>- a^jJl jjj
<JL*_3 jU ^^jJl 4 _^_JsLj>cJ| oj_a ^Jl-P ®JJ J ■/? II Jt — a“l (_J jLLj
jl liiLljjl! ^3 (_£-Lp L>-LLa jli ; la j-£-Aa pl-ilaj ®<LjL~jjll
t ^?J j .oUl oLi^a-P J^_il jjk La ^JLLi?l jlSJaL jJLvwaJU*^ LI
^i_p (_^1 4 J jj_?j ol ^ IJ-a jl > 3 I jj-pjll ^j_a J_>jl
<Uj*^JaJl 4- j ^JjJl ^J lp AjLpI^wjI OjL? L*_g-a ‘tjA^
jl Lj i jJ*j j| UajjJl ^3 L_al& £Aj jj . LL L^aJ I ^J-P jl
JL»_pI ^j-3 j_lT isL^Jjl ^jl j\ <Sj -^- I cjjj-' L> (_$jl s^_SL- 3 i_o_j
La jj jSLiJt jLojl ( > jl Ljl JiS'j-Jl ( j» <Ll jM !^L~>-jll
^y* <uLj»- (_^l Jj-o jl Lj|j ,\C, jA 1 JL" LjLlL) 4 j ^JLi jl laj
JaJj3 LaJlj 10-iljjlL j-jcj La ^3 4j ^_L^VW<J| ^Jjjlil ^UalJI oLju?-
Iw-^AJLa <Uj , *«-j_3 C LjL^a jJ_J 4-OLJI (»IjLp ^_ sa?^_<»JL (_jJ-*JLi La
JjL4a L-JS-La ya ae-l J^S\ ^3 jll ^Lp j j?o jl “CLLaJ
Ajli ( (JjL jj^JI _J oLljjajl J_j-Lp 4^^v»ij_a 1 1 ^jjJl C^aLS" LjJ
Ijli I jjl jj^jajljJl jl ^~aL^j!l 1-L^aJl ‘^-^T <_3^^
.jjJl (_J L*_3 1 jULrjJ ^><Jl JL*^I jLia^j La_g_>lj tJ^&LJl ^3 I jj| jZj>J
3ll*^a LIS' LJ i ‘US-Jj .LX^i c-La^ajJ (^1 j^aLJl lJ-& ^jLp j-Uaj jl LJj
fit ^ ifi
ojlL^ ^j-a aJL>- 4_J| ^JiJlj t L^_wa sJlP J^a JjjiLs tJj^-flJL jljljjll
.LaLa jl (^jJI Sj j ^ ,. ^ a. l l jJJ-i
jJb jllH ‘LwAl jLLU ^Jl Jl ^ j-sagj-<aJl jl
jLol JUij j'l jiJ^ J-La LaJJJ®j J3 (_} jJjt^a jl
131
jLl JUs\l jJ-Lj 4 J*>\p < y O^-Jo LjU 4 ijb.il j\
4 aJjI j 4 _ 35 j l_£X*_Js (jL*jbl jj . 4 j L^JaLjjl (J^i- j)l
; sj 1 4 — A j ^- S ^ 1 , >— jJ I X Lj^ ; ^3 V— ^jP - — '. — .-*■ — L .t .>- ^
<JL*j] 0 -jI? jl b 4 Lp .s ^-*j jl b !.u] LgJ .Sb j»J Lgj ^U> gj-Lil
Lg_^waJ jL*Jbl o y>J> jJLs t JL* jI oJLS" jl cIjLp bj c j^~
. ^fjjJlj 4-JiL>sJl /^olji Jbb bjisL-aj 4 4 -oj^i.Lj
4-3 i*_A lj_4 4- ^1 ^jP Oj-^bp* Cj^~* L<b _9 • L^_lp b J j 3 i ^-s-J
Jyj 4 jli 4 J^sJl C-Ui y (jJ Lftjjj wb y y* bj iCjU jjlb
(jjJl IjuJl] Uiy tJilJJ .jlill j\ i jyP (J I J L>c/J I
(Jj^SLj (jli L L*-U <• Ojj j-A/iJl jrSOj
t pjl <il jJL^I J_*_’ Jl? jJ J5 oUi-LSlj ( j_/5
ciJ-L OwotaLa caJL^L JUJ^I ^\ o c 4^a 1 4 j>aJ^ •ipL^S'
*= p * > t
MJ.S c J JUibl kii-U’ ipljii c-^bUj 1 4j-p oj^U^ _ / ~p Jl*ibl
. 4 j*Jsj .sL -3 ^ 1 p
** pp p/ . p
Lo-g-a c La/? La^u 1 j \ ^ j" 3 ^ ^ ■ y° ^
tipL* j ^5 /, 5 C ol
iili .JUsSh JJUj vIjIpL^aI
jjaLLSI jl U>b S'L^jLgjbl i j>cjy l ~ysL> L^jIj l I 2J13 a -X ij (JL*j'S'I ji-L
^ p , a & p
^jp 4 j»Jj L* jX>cju (JL* 3 l Jjp sJ-P-lj-aJJ lil 4 >iJU»l Jjl
^-Ij-^J 1 ' jl /jSo j»J jl 4 jjji 4 ^P L<J p g ‘ ^ ^jP CJj-i-s 4 ? JL«il
(V 5 4 jl N I 4 ^j-A jJl ^3 Ijli I1X3 L- jl 5 jj_J fj- 3 UJl
.■^.<>..■1 ^ jjJl jli 4 jAJj-bj ,^lj_*Jl 4 _J_S _l— »_ij ^\_9 4 j 3 >-S^
jl ‘^JlS >li*iAJj 0 j>jJ t~*)L* 3 ] 43 -L 3 b! b— 4 jt- 5 l ^><Jl
Lo y>^A i y22*jJ>\ Jjcsji LoJl jL^iNl jl jiyy 0 | 4 jiJ^ j .-~aj
b-AJsP^ 4 _^il^>-l Jj^b L$J jS 3
oJLA
jAJu ^ip] 5Jb j^abo jl ^jP [(jL*jSll dLL] >._P.$b3 4j_^iL-^Jl
132
cii-Lj] .4^a\jS >- I (j (jl ^jS' dJ_L>] q ’ yjj l [j^^Lw<Jl
OjSis-} 4_>c_juJL> O— >LS" L-°j c 4 JI 3 (1) C— jLS" L°
• OJJ j jl ^3^1 L
lLLLj ^-Lp t ^J_JjJI ^._ ^. ^_) (jl lLUJ-S' ll d) ^_SC-wwo
^aJlj to^Vpl L) ^SS ^JJl Jj>JI t j>*})\ (1)1 ^1p t L^oi^ ^>&>&Jl
LoJLw>- 4jI j t 4_*JLL>JJ l ■>/?,■>! t^Ul J-S" 4_-_l_P ^<*_>«_>
^Jj 1 5-JlL>- oLw? LgJ ( j_£o j*J JL*JVl L^Juiiil
ft ft #*
/^Sv j L^J 4 JI lIJJ^ . l)L>t £ a^^VJ 'V j (1) *lAJ
^I^Jl ^Ip oLo^Vp Lo jJJL 1 L-^oL-vj>-V cjIp
* V ft p
L>-J*a Ijw^S .jJjjJ jl *0^9 CAjVLxjUj
tf a
/^p o^j^Ls^ d^olS* t ^jS* oj^Ls^? (l/^ 1 ^ ^
•crrj^- '- i ^
oJjb ^^JLp oL^IjJLp^/I 15 oJut^u-1 jl o:oj ^1 j _ jS joSI V
oUil ^X pI ^JjjI ijl ^uSLojj .A/^>vilj ojj j^ilL jixlj Lo Aj ^J iJl
*)LLo JU, ijl j^SLoj ,L_&La L^>JLjo> J JjL^wo ^
„ j> > p w
^^xJl ojj j •/» " ^j_ol j-S t j-^ji-Li A-x-viLi- 4_olj^M (jLxjL/l C~j 15 LI Ajj
ft 1* — 1> <*
A^o-X3 t <oLoJl C- 1 L_Lq_P L^J
ll ^^3 ji=> /j-j oJLLo-oJl j c lA_> Jj>xlJlj AA~ww»Jl c Ajjj j_LaJl
Lr°] ^Sjr^. Cy\S JP! JSj <.[1^- 0 ^] JiLU
N j o'^L^o'y *blj 1 0 oLSLo (_^l ^5 a_^vs> j-ft !>L5 t [LjC a^_>-
J-ftLaJl ijJ_J .A^^jJj ^9 Lo t
oj^J aS' ^>J l e-jJl (_$JJl t pJL^Jl (jJL*- j-*> Ljl^lj^i/
jocj o~w>- Ju^ij! J^oJ! dUi^ oLjIPJI tAJbl^Jl LJNI
<JL*jVU t Jwva^xj t A^o>i-a 0 jjj-L 5 i— o»- j^oj c ^-fL oi>
jL5 i L^i_w_ 3 ij jSLj S/ 1 Lol L^_lSL«o <LoI~o>!I
133
jl t £tJL5l jiff lit <. U>l j <. J>Jl l-l~*Jl IJt* VajJ^oj)
i ^ j_* aJi'lj jl t lll i l>- jt_ji (j"- 0 - 1 J! W"*-^
** =* 1* (. J * (■
i \S ^s- N jj-~-' a 0 j-5^ «. L>_>tJ_o t_~_g_Il jl L>_So t L^-L pLsj
^ t ^ # (,
c jJjjjS” t J.y?.3 j»t Js 4_La_*JJ~j ^JUl JjOtil 0151 ^•1 4 ^cjllDl
diJ:> oLS* i ^ijj u 5 J aJ^wLvc ) p— > L<>Jlc>c5
jjA jl ^jAljJL<>Jl 4 3^>-^<>Jl
jajJl jl jT ^2 OjJj 4 <lJLJ 1 O 4_>-jJ| ^utfJo
Aj>5_^I jJ| UjlSol oj .^lJLJI lLLL> Jj->CJ <1 )Ij
.AJ-P 4 0-LpULI! cA_A ^j>c->- pw^jSj 4_*JLL>c_j! ^ S*
j)3 ^ OwLa C ^jLa^jI (jjt C^LpLjLL^I L, */2J?tljAj
j-v^LiL<Jl^ cjbAJL<>Jl ^,-Ip l g ■&■* W .j L«jap
/^jL5sj Ujap J^->eJIj jS .ojJlSJIj
^-A 4 11l> ^»a .Ll 5JL>“ ^3 ^AoL5jJi o»L^_i b\SJ *y * cj Lw%o *jI ls*
Lg-^-Lp ^S ^>tj Lo jLp ^UJI cjL^jl J-n*2_9 ^_a 4 j
^ (. & , * ^ p.
4<L»*l^>-j l$J Loj <jl diJAj U-o L^jIj
j-« J5 jl5 Lti t^isJj .jLJNl V cJjp Jjj^Jl j_» <Jj/l jl jl
♦ ."'^*» UP S> <* ^
(_£ 0-Sl 1 w&J_oj| jl j^J,i 4jLj t I j-k£ j j('U>v_« J_«j| j_fc
JlPJ L*/3 4 L>i^w>c_i/ 3 j^Pj jl 4jL$jo-J j/ J_£ <C_o l.Jg « IS. I
4
‘ Aj jj 0->l5 li! tjju 4>sO0ili c l^...~a.p oLjljJ^pjll
L^-^P JLujjll jl LJlLp 3 iJJsilj J^jll i JbJ^aJl j|
4jjj y~a Lo-§^vo ii'Ajjl Oj 15 lil t^^Lvaj/l
LaX>- ^yip *>15 U-^XP ^ySJ>Jc^ ^yjpl ^XpjJl li-A jl
^U~l — jo jjjLvJ^I JUJVI jjl jjjJ jl jLS" 151 4jl tS( ^1 _s
jJJjj t iuoljj»-l j jl ^JaPwJ N i aJ jj I Jl Jv^ lSjJ jr* 0
tjUi^l jjjj <up cj^ ^jjl Jl5jl I JJ JJ^UI JU5UJ IjLjpI
134
J I .(jl Lw-l? ( 1)13 L° ^-*P JU^ 2 jL ( 1)1 N jjLS" y&j
1 g < ...’. > ( _ s Jl JUSJl ajl^> x LwojJ 4-^)1 ^>-1 c~.L5 lij t UU t Lg_>\
J5 y ( __ s iL>Jl jsUJJJj ( _ 5 ^sl jUli 4 j o jl j 4<»JNl ^Jl
«* <* f.
( jji j-J 3 <UJJ .L njJtLaj [j>e^>\j Jj^l ( j&\ j-IP^I < — >1 j->- jJU_;
(1)1 t J3U (-5^^ C jjJ^LU^vJ
, ^ «* w
o J5 ^ jjfe UL5 «jLxpL> 4 J5JI
* « > " *. « «.
J_S\J <ul$JJl J l , /g . 4j_Sl_o_oJl 0iL*_HJl ^w2_sl Jlj 4 .5 j-J^-
Mj i — N ^x^Jlj j-iJi ^j- 0 Lg-?-jUj V [UiUa] ; olij-LUaJl
(j-* ^^oLwul ^ 'j'T t J jJ jJL> 1 UjLj^-fiJl jj^JJl Jl^S 4 dj-Lla^
4j^l j_A (1)15 jJj Jl^-^ l jSL*-> N JlSj 4 jJL>Jl J la.Jl lJuk Jj_>-I
jl jl t j^\ \ ~j^> «u1Lp J5-Jb jl Sll jl t^_55>iJl J^-LiJl
4‘uUj'^JiJl ^j /} » i Ji-Jul JLaJj .<C^ 1)15 ^*_p-I IjU- ^Jwo ^y^»xj
J5 ( j_P 0 j_UJl j_P 4<L)jJijJl oJ_A 4 (j^wSlj^Jl La-^Nj
LaJ Lg-> J^1LJL> ^Jl jj ^jJl 5JUL, Jl l^a-U 4 Jlj^-Nl
^-o»jSll j j jg -)... « . . ll c ^-aj J5 (1)1 j 4 Jj 5JU ol j-^~ (_j-*
.jJj^ujj yA 4 ^L*_w5aJl ^Qju Ja« 15 J^_^j (1) I 4J^^aJ (_£jjl
4— tf., 5 5 L« d)Lp 4 4jL*jj <jL^>j < '5jjj j-*Jl IJla ^j5Jj
ukj tlr 5 j 5 ^ ^iij J* £*\j - SI
^1 cLLLj ^Iju <0 Ji jjsj d-j I ji ^ { s j ^ ^ 1
& tf- ^
ojl*_oJi 4iJUL^Ji 4 <j ju <\ju^>tjt jo*y5»-'yi cjjJ j
i 5iL>J! oj-* jCo d)Nl ^yA 45^*- 4— jL^pN l_j ^Jl L^Alal)
A_*-oU ^Q-Jl ^ v,, . g Jj 4 aJ^ jJ^J j} 4iUl
N . jL»ij •*-&} <_/ 4 J^LU < r ^>^ J^- j JU- 4 i l3j j
4 jl I 4 .5 A ’ ^Jj 4 4j^i ^3 jAj Jl 1? ~ .... I
135
La I Aj L*_oJ I oj_& JJLa ^ Lp »p>cA La LI A-L j 1 LUL LoJ
4 A_L*-~J:> ^a cAjilj LfP j-A j_o_( Jj «,aJ 1 oj|L*_(Sjj/l ijL 4 oI-Lj-LlJI
*y| 4j ij ji llo'^i j j,.yg s . s > lIaiIi ^ y > <__> ,^aj
I j^i>- jJlJ ^^xJl LaI-Aa-LM jj| L *Vj 4 Lj ia^>rJ ^lil CjUjLSCJLi
9» (.
<( ^aLLJ| (jjJl ^Uij j jJala ^3 1 jl
*>L 4 ^A ^A ^jIj^jsJI ^L<Jlj ^jJ-IasJI ^LLi! ^3 yrt\ ijl
( j~J ^ijl OIjLlLpLM jJUj (jl ^ptfl jJL9l ^JJLaJ) i_S^ -is-w2-^ (jl
^Jl j la *■ 1 Li |_£^jjl j»jIj LgJ (j 4 La-Aa-I ApIalJI aJ_wLS Lg-ii
A_L*-aL sj^-A ^^Lp A-*-wJaJl ( J_wf -L ^jL^jNI ^jA-Ul Li} .jA-Nl
C- C- ^
4<Jt*iVlj jl ^LJaJl j c5^
* c - &
^-g3 4 (Jljj ^yjl ^LiaJi Up Ls 4 4^J J-AJJ <C-JwJ 4j j-A
^LJaJ 1 L a\j (j£ j^UjI Jl r - L ^3 ^Jl 4iLHj L-L-l
9 s f.
0 ^s^-aJ 1 L^i lLLXj UaiLojI ^-^-9 4 qLpt ^ 1 J-JL> ^iJl
(jl ^^Jl Aj_a ^/2_L>tj (jl ^ySL^-j La jAj .Jj-wwa j_<k_*-Jl s >1 jjfl-yj^l j
- 1 f. p .? f,
^-*»Lw> 3 ^Jp J)\ 3^*-* \
c^^-sl l)| c t aJLIax^JI ^JL^2-oJI oJl a
otj ^ c5^i 3"^ ^ Lw>->t-j IjIj
f. $
^L^Nl ^ji j^A t stfNl JL-JJ t _ 5 ^Jl oLs-aJI
^yA i^j\.<l*Jf}\ L.LL J-LL 4 Aa^LJJ ^J J-sA2aU A^L'jLo J oJ^La
^ f. 2 c -
Cl->t>U s L^-Jl oJ*& ^ ^Lj C-^Uj ‘**-^-^"1
AjJ^JI ^jf- LLJ-j ^xJl I <_r^ A_J>^j1j^>\JIj
^L>a (_£ LJ l wL>t^~u jj L Ja j ? a LwJj jU a L^aJ I J A^.n.~Ja.j I
A„ia...al JO i^L LIa JlS AjjL-aJ- AjLj l jjJ> AA>J La (jl j-^-S'
c, & "*
^jj_L>iJ! aJ^Lj^p! j~-*-> <jl LI (♦^ 9 ? 4_*^a ^Jl cu>! ^SLiH oLa
136
jl^iL/l j jS L j»-J jl ?ol jJ-U LiLa «Lo-j
p p i» ^
jLLS’ 4 Aj ^J aUl LLLLUjl (jLj'yi JLL! lijLv_a LLwa-Lil J ibi^l
jLS jl ^ «4> ^_yjJlj JL^>JI ^v-j ^jI jJl j^_wqJo jl j-jLH
^j-A-UJ a— * ... 1? 1 1 j*-jLi
4-j j.Jfl_i ^Jjl La jl jl Lg~w>J-) jl ^»ww*i L^S 1 1 oji_A ^J_P
. jlS" L»_^a ijl *^J ^ ^uLvji
& p p
L-s^ 1 4_lljJ>- jj_£j jl t ^ylljJl jJLp'ifl U>lj
| V & & P A*
J)fl jl i_jL 5 l^-wa~a I j_ww^j 2_) jl 0^1 ^
jl jji 4 jL~jL!l JU^I .Jjj j-J“L^>Jl j^f- 4_~w— Jl j jl 4a*j
i_^ j lg i? ll | JJL*_U jL*Jl o-Laj .^LL’xJI J-^ LjiL
^jLi LI ;LiL>t>3 V <U~_pj J^-lj j-Aj t LgJL?*JL*_oJ oJlP fjg\ al jJLo-i
o-La JJLo (JjLwi |_AjJaj>c-> ojJa.>- (_£l 4 o JjiJo ^jijl Jj— »-^Jl
HI e»
'J oLjjLj Jj-L Jj tob_yw3 ^Jj-L LLjj^o 4£-w?lj_aJI
j»_L*Jl ( j -oj <. Lgju-j> j sujLvjVI Jl^s'yi ojlL-aL/ j-o jji jli t LgjL«
£-a 4-^1 jP £-S jJj 4 4jiLL_<>Jl AjLjjoJl J^P £-jl-Xj jl jl t i^J j— -wojl
LiLL (3 ji LpLUI jl>J oLwJJl Lo jJJjj t^j^ll J-pL j_y>L jl LJLL
p ^
Ljlp L^jjL—?- jl 4 LI La ^y> j <L*_L 4 L^-ia ajL»J_sJI
j.sL*j ,5 1 LgJ^>sJ ^y> i) jSij 4_l_*Jj t4..^ pjl jliJLII oJ_A (_5 “Lp 0 laT i
j-J-i L»j j! 4 c^LoJJaJlj ^^LjlII o xp *^L~°I 1 -^^
^^ajujsJl [ ( _ ? ipI] 4 L^J (j-L!l 1 _gP r L>Jl L^wbi ^1 4^gl_^Jl ^ Lgj
4 LgJ ^yiSL La CjIj j-*--/ 2 jl /^a -X>cJU-a 4 j—?- 4 LaLjl oL?«Jl J^P
1 jLjjjflj 4 _LL-XJ| L j_a aj Ajs- L/ ^j-ajjL-Sl ^yJl ^^.al^Jo jl J-^P
.^yisUxilj
137
{Jsi) (JuaiJJ
M
Jj'UJl y> £jJ
Lg_»l hla>-N ^Jl ^o 2 j ^1 { \* £_S jJo
t Lo 4-LS" <—*•> *y i t 1 ** - ~* ^ « 4 ^LS"L»Jww^ L^aa* 1 ^|^v- 2 ^*x_ )
a a „ p *
^ks '. Li y j LLoJj 4jw« w\^w^A^Qk3 I y^lj CAULS' JJUJI ulS
l) ^5C--^j LaI^j JuJ->sJl 4_*Jsi5 Jl ^5 I Jbl ciL*“* 1 \ 4_Jl J^-vJo iJj>- 1
*J^ 0^ ^.LouL^-jj J J£ olS
(jlS" t j_xjjJl bJL*>- 4 jI
<* ut ^ Ju f. } f. y
[ha.AZ&tjo JJaj <j\ jJj i 43 Uj Jil JJL*^j \j t^uaJl
<LsP“ 5J
j olJa>%Jli J^LijJI 4 j>- ^ o «w ^ 4j^i
„ -*
4 l*A_A 4-la-^l i wL^_j Jl->-I^ (J^-2*- Lg_, ^JlJI
a_>c_a^i^ji 4_la ^_ji oi ^_-»j i t d*^ L-di t ci^y wUL^'y i
J, „, ^ UI P
j)l ‘ipj tf "si IIS' J— >-lj -Li-p jt-^j t ^lJL« ojj^ l)I ^-Lp
oJLa l)J .L^.*— «j>- *_Lj IjuJI IJl& y*p l)Lj U^~^>u yyL tiSL^—vJI
p-LJl IJLa ^1 y>- Jr 1 41 L^SC»_> ( _yLf-
jl y*JJl CjLJL»-£' Ly ^. - i^d-i jjaj 1 0*^M 4 JjLlXj (_^jJl
l» lil yo \juja tijL^oNl LgJsLojIj
139
^3 ^j_vulj j— 4»j L-
Lo 4l5> 7 -^ l^I dUi >L g
t <^jj_>tlJl JJLw-'b / 1 J5 1 $j ^*oL> l)I ^3 l)Jj3 j»J-dJ
. 4o jJilxd I ljjUi>-*^Lo J5 J^S\J ^jja oJufc oJjJj>J| jiil!l AjjIj tl)l
^y^2s>x-> Uj>- ^ 1 Lg_^o2j (1)1 £c_lU-*^o L^jIj 4 4j j^sx-Jl f j^a ^Ls^jo^jl
(. I* (- t- *
j-g J pL> 43jlp - s <Q } L^jli t IwLv^Jl \jJb i^JJ .‘»— ^L— o^!l J
J* #■
43 j-*~° Lg.o'Vj) wCs^o ^iSsjj) C <UJ>-jL>tJ| ^-s^j^oJl vJjLws^l^
l*-L aj c^IpLLj^I j ojL?x->Jlj i. — >1 ^LSlj *LJI j jllil a^^Azj
v w s>
^^j5Lo»J 4 jI^ . L^_Lo«P d^" J , *^- ;>tJ L5^ 4-* « *]g,.>^ 4 I^j>-
SjL^aJl ^j-^-jj 4 1 ^ 4^3 j L^-^o J-g->- { j^ r > Ll&
o!5 L« d)l (J^Jaj (ji^<>-L^j LajLSU 45jj>JIj
l$J v— Jl>- (1)15 La <wJJaj d)lj t Lg-4 Xs^j
sw-> jj^Jl lg* ^ ^LLj^yi ^—dJU Jji>«Jl c-oIipI
L^Jj- 9 jjl_>«JL) ^LLjl (jjl (3 *— > j-4 jJl lLU^ J_*_j (J jL>tj N j 4 43 j_S
« ,/? 1 1 ^^>-1 jj* 5-L^—>Lj ^3 dUJ5 . L^-P LL?_~
jJi^J Lo ^_dJ-J sJ^w-J>- ^_j5i L_«_d_^J CO ^pLs^Sl
C— ~ J j . olla?- >li j^sJl i j o jJj^ J ojlliil iOjlIaoJl
,<Cjj><d j <da>-^>\^o c 't_5" k ^ 1 (_5^
C L g .l-.jj-iJ oUl j-^>Jl ^jJliJ y J^pl £j> ^ y>^\ Ij-A (jjj
(_$l ( _j^' t oL>jJL*j ! j C->L>jL>t_<JJ i y j}
LaJjI^_CJ 4_v2_3ljw« l_A_L_Jil il)L5” J-^J cJUs'yi ^_o Jww_l—~o
y*-> y J y*^ 0^-'^ • j-lajl) *^-^i <bUiv»l J g 1 1 l_i_A U ^* ji (’!«■)
.(1 18-1 17 ys ,2 ^ tJi^U.1
140
LowLlp lJlS” t *~* j^.ii
l ■../?_) \ Aj ^ 2>xjOl 9 Aj j-*s2-) Ip j_^vJ| 0 ^-P j_dj Aj^3d^_;
dD3 JJLo I^LjlpI ^ ca-o^L ^_p 3 lil ^ww>j AA_*_j>tJ
p-£ol J 4 A*_da_9 3 1 ^3 1 (j^\ 0^2 4 Aj^ wL.^2_d Lo->j c
0 j^Jo^ 4 L<> ^->^-> ^-Lp A^jw^l—i 0 ^j-dJa d LoddP Ajl^lda 0 j Aj Lo_ >1
01 ^-s_>cJl 01 O' lddO<>*j Aj^ 3 4 AljVl_>cji 0wL& ^3^
V \ lOjfc 0'^ 4 0 j-J»jLwO a^Ij-?-' j-~~i L° *ljj 4 L« a*3Ij
> u, ^ *
^j-A dU.S £_9 ^d> OoddP 4 AjQ_j LU I 1 ^_Lp A-LS" ^-jLs
t L«jj Jl^xj OLS" ( _ ? JI ^^LxJLSl l (^j-~^' j~^~ 1 '''
.OjliLvC olf'jj’y /fp J~j23»0 IgJl 4 Ajlii>-t>Lo
aj (^JJI ^dddoVI 1 Jl& 0 j-^*j 01 (Jd>w>Jl ^j_xj aJU 4 Luldj
4 OVdi^Vl jl ^L>^j>xJt jL^-a Jijl ^Lp Ldli Olj-^J'
j^a 01 J 4 A^-)LdjL» <1j\S' jJi ^_ld> O' dj ^ A_^jl_dJLo l_j|jj>-i 0 1 Ado
(. & 0
^3 A-OwJ OLS" dU,.3 .AjLAa-P- ^3 L<> .l^VJwa L°^3 O ^-Sv^-^-w
Ojjj ^Ip LL>- A^Ljco [ JJjj Lg->U 4,J~~dJl i j-' 1 (_$! 4 - | L4L>Jl
> _ f.
JJL J ls j <. 4_La\_SC3l ^~p oleoV! oJla JIa ^ 4jaj^*yuJl
l [ g :'. .1 « aj l_£3 LLxS^ Aj ^JL_* j J^j-DJI AjL^3<J|j oLdj'y 1 (_5 jUaJ
*Vj 1 JN Jl^j^'Li oL^L^j-^'yi oj_a d} oUlj_w>Jl *>li
N t L?“ I j a!j^L*J| j»_^JL<i^1 ^3 ^>.1111 a^L^ t oL^w- 2 JI
c ^ Aia~>ijJ! JJ.UUJI p_^JLij 4 Ai^j“>L<ijl
ijl J-i'y .a^L»J1 J-pI^JlII A^o^>t j Lo . ^ o A>sj 4 jU 4_JLiS'
i Jj-wJajJlj JL»_)CL^j'V 1 ^3 ji_p|j y>-\ C~P3jl JJ A-^-. . \s .i 1
^Liu^wj I a^L^jkJ Lo j jJL> 0 Lj>J I ^3 L ^ L^J AjLLt>jtj
4 ^L»t?rJlj (J*^/ AiwJ*i/ I (^J, lf» ■^-§-* J . L)l 4^jL^wJ*b!l Jyj ^Lvtf'LioJl
141
tAjli ja'H I ij^i jl t j-JLJL Jj-L*j L« 1 _^s o-53Li o->l oli
t o-L>-lj JU- ^3 oJi’lJ (3^-*-’
jl i_~j>o L^jLj l J^UUl J-pl jJ jiaJL.)lj t LiJ-XP ( jJsi-5l
LaJl>-j oLkJI l_4-ij_J • ia.tf.^xj kLJLI^I (_^l (j jJL> t LIS' <(J j-yA-* <j
(_r*^ ^j-^j- 3 Lr° <■ — ' o' c^i ^iJJ ^1 ^
,JJLo ^iJl 1 4j^L^j (jl ^Llp! c l.^.*^l^>-
^ Jg [oj^LJtwo] /^> c-jUI^-*->sJI cLLLj <JL3»-
<u^^wvJ ^jJI dLJS ^^,Lp L j j) «/? >
Jd tilL>-jJl oJLgJ jJ-T j-w^vu aj (jjl ^ j
LiLa->J ^JL \-*-a 4 l^vvw^vj>-j 4 4-w*L^*w>xJl 0 ULJ 2
, (1) h:lg^%> j
{ j^a o^wJ 4 — A — I jl ^JlijJL 4JLL*iii I HjLS* ll (1)
4<uLjl^-3-l l*ift <1 )_j9^>21j d)l5* ^1 t ^jjL^i (JL«*j jJa t. o^L*Jl
^ 1 ^^Jp" ^pvJL> ?C j/S* I jJ5* ^j 21 *1^-1 j)Jl <1)15*
^ d 4 jUSNi ^ ^iJl _^~5Ul (3 y^l <1)1 ^ liftl* -L$i>«i^
• OjIjI^ 3-I_5 (3 ^Jiil *lLp o*1*j
[dJi 111 c 4^. . la 1 1 ^Uiijl l)j>J.pj 4 (j-°j-Jl (j- 4 * l-^-^j l^ioe- (j^J •!
J»UJ| 1-L-il iJ^ J-s^ajj .illwU 1J-A j j./}". IJ 4 <J 3j (J w ^ - ’ ^
<j ^> fclJl 'UJ_^ J 4 (JN JJ3--N 1 0 wL>-l j <j jjf- C^15 jjj <j ^>^ jl j^J_*_i i^j^jlil
4 14 J Lj-LlLa llwL>- (Ir^aJl t j^o Ll*3 jj 4 l^-Lc- 4-Jj-b ( J^ ( j-^ t
(3jJLi (1)1 ^J-g."..,..^ <l)L*J^h j! 1 \jA J^S jJli yi\ 1^1 *ljN\ ^jUj
L? v? ^ (1 )j_53wwJ (1)1-9 4 4_". Ifl >-*>Loj 4-J J-S*lij 4 _A>LjLj 1 ^9 I ^ r ^- t 5' o j-y&
. r ?i s ix~\
* t p ^ t-
4 ji*-l Lift 5 L« <1)1 (j^°l 4 Lo N jJtA> 0 OJ-Axj Lju>-J .2
.l^lpLll.w'y ./?ll ^llllvVl 4^U^i*yi ^»Uaj 3*-^ (3^ ®J*^J ^-*-^- 1
^wLo j_l-i ^jLuJI (JL-j cJ^” j- 5 ^ l/^ 5 ^xUJl *^
.o j^P
^9 Lp^Sj (juL^jJl d)j^ ^9 (Jl—j (1) «)a * <^2 a_L9 .4
.0^15 oL>-j 9 A-ftl*Ji o-Lft Jali-lj 4jl5v9Vl ji
142
a ^
IgJSjL^a ^y> o loLv 3 l J ‘si >zj LfrjjS i -x- , l'lj-'>Jl ^SUj
owiaJl jr° Ig-Xa « j-~^" l*l~*sl jJJJb ijli i <di>-“>C*Jl ( j j>
ojJiil ^y> aX^sj>zJ L^-s<2j j_jL>tij ..i- l x jl La 1 Lalj jll
.4j ^j>tl]lj dJjlj-aJl <J jJaj
la
jJl yLa ^
c->15 Lo^j L^-jjj? ^ ^AJl L^JL— *o I
0 0 0 0
.(^ jJLJl £j y*->' <UjL>tJ Ji’ jj-C- bj>_aU - J ljj>- iijU-
w - p 0 ** f,
(J^JlX^aj/l jl _JT j> ~ > LgJ-xJ jl jJ *aS IxiJxjo ^SU_j
JS aAs-j \ ^wl^Jl ^a <ui li j^Xo (_^jjl jAj t 4~*jj
4_Jj/l ojJJLSl jl OJjj_*Jl j/j-o i^> l olw»Jl
l$->- j-o jJl AjUwO^P 1 l-a-Lp jji ^y> L_*J 4_lpliJl
C-> LjP^_v£>j_<>_1| JJLo_j ^-Xjl Lg_)LljLa_a jl jl_Ss_J*yi C->Ujle- ( /^_a ^ L)
/^wJ , i _>^ S^j j-^b .A_;^_SldJl IX-jISHoJ A-*/ 3 j
j! dJUi ^a jL~>^l p_L*_! ^Jl la oj->j-P jl l jlj-J-Jlj jl^jj/l
AJi Jjl ^JJ-A-vd^Jl j»Jj*J la ijjji- jl la jjJL l jli)l
.l^allij J L^j»-I jil 4 jL*J| j^JJ JSj 4 I^lyg-O Ajlvid*-
4*~J*s>-\ 1 ij J J «/?.>- aJ_P ' — 43 ^.Ij <_£jJl J? j-jJl ^v^-jJLi Lj ! j^tS .5
.^UaJNlj aSjJIj olio'll {jA I jiS L^lP -wJ-lij L« .AAP ^>*jL>-J
^M-Jj .Ai jJl 4jui_P (Jr 4 U^Uajl A>aL*Ji JS ' I jiJl uj .6
J JA S/l Jl jialll c ^SLaJl Jr^j Uaii-1 ^3 Jr 4
(^ Jr 4
(JV 1 Jp- jJlil <jli t JSLuc')} L» ^»S/1 jL*Jl> LoJUP .7
.JjL>iJ1 *y>-j <^_3 LJuS^I J| jj*> j\ ^
.^Jl t . . . \j P'ljjfc'yij ^^^1 Cs^'J a.a^kJ. 1 ^l^>-S/l jjp kAJ (J .8
. JlS ^ 4^0 0 r*>jlll IjLA ^ J^S - ! 0 j5^> Ji
o _pb jj-« ^ jJ jl j-=^-l v — JiSsJl i>[& t jj-^bJl jij L _ 5 ^ a j *9
.LS jS' U J^S 1 <Lwa?*^Jl U jS^ai^ Uij j£-
.^cbJl il)lAj>l J^O (3 J-^ L _ ? ^! i£ oLici-1 -b-LP I — jl ^KWW-JI Jr« aJiaJj
143
JuaiW
jji = e -' 1 Ur-*
jji\ p-jJt
„ + u,
xj? k>u>- (Dr Tilloston) j jxJL, jJlLj OLIOS' i*j
Lo jJi j 4-LJij ly>- (Rea! Presence) « ( _ ! JLJL>Jl jj_jb>Jl»
^3 Jj>o jl Ha j/ Aj ^Jaj 3 Liu' Apt?- <_£ j! aLU. 3 jHji| O^ 3
^wH-<Jl La ^3 L A_^ . >- ^jjs A_) ^JL^JI /^_a Aulj C L^— v2_>0
<Ua_Ls^ OuLa j»l AuH-SLIl a Ij I I oJlSI e -\ t LlaJLiJl jl t/tJL*Jl
jLp I^jLS” ^jJl ol^ 3 ^lp ^j-vwwaljo L>j) L a«jJujl
.HgJ^I aJLaj JJjJl L~aJjHa Lfj ^ LSI ^1 (3jl jHjl jJJj t _ f l P
fcA p ^ [J
<uLa>J| AJfc|j_> J^a Jjsl L) L_Up ‘Ustl^v^JI A_jl_>.jJl aHJL*- AJmJv! jj
i j-*j •(j-c-li^l bjjU^ aLI (_5^>- j-^! j-^-> jt-S O-aLLa t H*»l J->cJ
V A_j|j l ( j^_4s_L ; aj‘5\j ^_g_wA j-AkJlj jl Jjjl L^jI ^C-V^ljjl
^3 AjLHjJ ■ > a 1 M .li AjLL> j jl -ip-j/
^ /j-X_a| AjJj j^iL jl i»jL*_j , l A_L^J |j_il /^SL«-» jl Ajjsj J . A_aaI j->cJ
AjbSj! jj^2a>tJI [i w&_Lo] ^ jLS' L>^-<k 3 tjJJjJj
^ a a w
Jjl-Lu^jll JlpI jj ULa j aJLs i L>s_*/3|j H_!L>- <UaJJLo_!|
AjLxSsjI jl C^J 1 ^ajjj Ajl . A-j_P (_33lwSj jl (^LJI
145
V 4 ^ jJL IJjfc 01 ^jJlUI j 4»^JJL<dl
it „ <* -
1 wL> L^^-Ol jia j l_^i ajlp c j A 3 ^i-p 0 U-s^j
J iLo Ja~Ij J-S" 4_J_9 jLcOjJL^ jl LiJlLc-j 4 jli»-
.^JiJl 7-J^jl
jl Ijjjll a-^-^ <La-*aL>- Aj>*a- ^jA jjijl ^~J
La t_5 ji»- ( jA L j>*J jlj 4 oi j_*_JL!1 A3 y^&j i__^j2jCj| Aa-L>c- 3 C^SL^vJ
4 J^aJI ]Jla JJLa a^j>- ^\_& 4_aJL$L3L> j jJ-cji} <bb .<*Jj 01
j* **
\y>-\j>- u 0 t )il t I^Jl*J
<J jJsi j-li ( _ S -L f ' o^-^a jJJjb j j£^3 4 oiijjuJLJl ^»Ia j\ J_jjll
oljj*cj«-oJ( ^ 2 _^ai J4>sJ 4jJ.il 4 JJaJ^a jLajJI J jb tjLajJl
.^j^jJJ J 1 ^aJjL Lo^A 4^tJjlj ^3 JjjljjJlj
4 £jli jJl (J jA- UjljjAl ^3 _l— >- jJl LJLJi ^jA Aj jl ^C-jj
Uajtil ( j-o Laj ,^ wJ J-JjJl Ij-A jL> '—®l _^Xpjll (j-» LJ J->jl aLLs
(_$jjLi 4aliaJ*-jlt ^\ jLjA-j/l jjw [j j->^J jJLs 4<L<W2J<JI j»Lji
0t j->- ^jL-I ^j-^j ^1 ^3 ( j*JLLaJI 0^->o 01 ui>-Lw« ^ £jyij
Lfc_jJ[ 4 /<Jjj S ^\ 0j^L5 ^oLa»1 ^ 1 ^3 *0-*
jjjj>&j jjs 4 JI jSj^JI j^a aj^Jj ,<j LLLI ajj L<»wJ^a 1 j^SLzj ^SL&j
jl 4j| iaj-'Aj jl U j j^>H <Ll jlj. .Lia>iA A^jj -L>tj jl ^1 jJl ^3 aJ
La 0 iLp 4 Aj ( jA Aj La Jl>Jl oJlA . j_a ^3 aJ jj^J
& j
Jjj?- ( j_« jiJij 4[^jLijJl ^jjj] JL?U ( jjp j-jj jj-a Lj^-i^J
o-w^wLi 4 AJw_v2 > ^ ^a>vJl] 1 LftLI Ljlj jJ ol-L?-Nl A_^v^L*_a
jl JL>*j J.A3 4 ( j LJ! A-/5 ^li-oJl L^_iL_ftal l --j|jL3“ > yi
Jj J .L^Lo jlj^sj/l AXjLj A^SLaNlj A^ajSjl ,1^5 ^3 oJLJ jj jaijb>-j/l
^^3 A_ftoJL3 jJJjJ .L)LftA-l LXjLslJ jjJ AjwLSja Jj l j-LS”l La
4AiLJl CaL >~j5 ^jA La ^JS £j\J) jJl i}j>- Lj jl jl -AX^l
146
f, ^ ^
.4-uiL>cJl b>-\ ^Jj j^JLJl
jji ^Ap o^UipI c^JJl y* j*-*SL>Jl jli 4 lLUJJ
(J */3.‘>- jJb ^ jj 4 (JA^o ^ 4j ^lp ^jLUj ^J»*j ^1^3
^i-p aJLL-vJI ^1 jJijj 4 <Cw4 Jus'Ll] I c->L>-j 3 ^-yg ^L j
j-^p L»l^ .C-J*-L>cjl ciJJ jJ 3^j>-jJi ^.Lp ^JgLi LjjI
-/> f.
> jjU»hJl]| ! IjJ->- jJLS'l Oj-^-j 4-jLi toNL^tJl ^jj> 3-ta
& (■ *£■
<■. ta-Le ^jiSVl i jjL^JI L^_il L^jI y? ( j- a «. A^j>jL*jL«Jl
^^JLil t ^_jLJjIj n yi> [j}j] Oj-S'j dJJi ^li
( ^j_l_C' Lo <1_aIJ_j jj L>tu1j j»J L 4_«wSCj-- jj ^L i (_5 ^}
^ jH «s * ^
jjL>iJl 1I ^j_o 1_^3 jL*_j tal iJL<>jl^-! J 3 ^jJp jSs-i_ . v yU*JL?-l
( jja 4^»-j3 ^]gx«9 4 0 J^P Jb>-ljj| ^uL>sJl 1^3 4 oUi-P*- fc >LaJlj
^J-P ^jA d- , ' S ^ L>Jl ^jA 4JLo3 4 4J3 *-L>^j jJj ^1-P
f. 0 “' ** ut «■"
LSw) l*3jJ A*jj C ^>“^1 ^Lp {j~***^~ J^LLo 4 4—olpJl lA^
<L> ^J>tj ^jA 4^a (Jl ^jA 4 j 1
.jls'lji y* l^-j ^j^Lj ^y 4 4— oj-j>-ij
L*Jl-j>- <l*^S*L*jl<JI c-3jL>t^Jl ^—-> L)jLL> tjl LJ djLi 4C3 v yL>Jl
o ^LiJ I c_5 J"*~* <* m $*^*~ ^ Cj^ 0 Lwl_P Lg_]-3 1 (jl^j 4
4^3 jJ I
(jl LJ j^t ^ ^ j ) >c~a 4J L>- 0 L>^ J g La l^j^
La j-^p j^y 1 l ^ 5 (^1 ‘uj ^ji
»< p **
ciU- jj-a tiuL^jNl 0 LwSiJJ ^!JJ j-s^ jLv 5 (_5^ :, “
_^_Uv^l_i Ijlj jLJ-1 /_j— °J ol...^ .. ^ J^yJL
l j^> ^-4^vaJl I-La ^>L^s jLSol (_j-!t -> g ■ « ' ^x_o_p Lojjj .^j_i
.iolS" ^ ^ .J jjoUIj «*>Vp ^jic- JNj^voNI
l_L<iJU^a (_^3 IJL* /^O a^*!_>- (jjl /j_0 UJ5U (jl ijl
147
Jj_> l \aS U j t oLg.„Ji l.U.k j-L f J-^ (jjl
4j ^-a oLS" LLJ_9 ^U^JJ ^^L-ipN1
^_aUa JaL^jjI 4-L-J -La- L a d->Lp y^P *La-J ^-_-J aJI C L^al-P
^j- s<a j-» L^j ( J-iL-> ijl L-^SLoj ^xJl cjLa-Iixx-^^ ! ,JLT L)lj cL)l—*-U
ci— iliil L^_'l j^j\ i j r a oLi j~>- U ^Lp aIaL— i ^j~. .—jLo LJ i
a-LpUJ aJlA ^£- jjJ j! U ,_ r L ? Li N dJ ^j&I-JlJI /^-ai
^jA jpjp- (_^L L^isLojI j-Lo N ^Jl ‘voLwj'^/l <oLJJ b-LjLJ <LLJI
l r* ^_^_j ^J J_b c cl^— *-** L<>w^ j~^ j ~' ~ > ^
J_>
I J-p-^ I
^lp Lj-^-^ ^^55 ^ ^J) t <jLJJl ,*Jb
O - ' 1 (J j-5j <.^_a!jlJI j-a i-Lyj l _ s -l-^j LL-i^Jl ^Jl
^jOJxJlo 1- <? **^xSsj J%J (J^J C ^_£jj5 IJ Jj>t>Jb
I Jo I IJ cl) LS" Lj CA-oLwvo^I 4-*,%. JflJ 1 ^3 4)w<K^i2)jJl (J 1 \jji oL& 1)1
<cp L ^p jl Jo>- 1)15 Li 4 aJLL^!! ibl^jJl ^i iSi
j joUl (Jl_Sl-J>l JJLzi ^1 J 1)^_5so 1)1 tLjj-Jl a_>Jlp COILS' L 1
.Lip
c cJ^Lg-*^ l/^J ^ j)-g *■*» ! 1 SwLojLa^oJI ‘CjjiJl cjolS* LJ j
Lj LgJj jLj t i; jppxJl j^*jo j^*jo Lgob 1 4 JLLJ! ^>LI ^1p ^>jli
1)1 1)1 Jj>rO L C_^v*sP*tJ l £tO>- j- 1 L ) jS L^jI jl Jj^ L^J
CJolo 1)1 Jlj jl q-Jl 1 Jufcj LUj ^1 oJo^>
> f, ^
^3 jLp'yi L JL- 1 ^Jl CbLjj>cJ 1 ^jjo 3 J_P C (J JwJJa
JJ 4o (5*^^ ^j , * ,/? ' jL*_Jl 1)L) ! JoLwJl ,dL51>-S/l ^-oo>-
„ * J» ^
J^wi jL*_a Lajjs jjs t L^-vA iW^ t -li ^j! cjLaj-^a>iJl
_P’I ^Jl ^UJ 0 jjl ^Lo A.) jAijJl aj-A ^ Li£->t3 4 4la^»-‘>l_<J1 j Aj j->t)Jl
/^-a I 4 J p — L— — a ^ ^I-SCa-U LaL_JL L L^— jI j_>- ^j~a La t — - jLa- ^J-P
Lo-J aij>c-?tJI /j*u j^j-LUl ^ildiLlij LftLoLLj AjJI
148
^J 33^0 la I i. Jl jJi Jl j -/3 j y/> J - 1 i j ^- jp J (J
^jl c-jLju^xJI L^-llH L*j L^jjI J3 t Oj ^p-j/l 1 g I ^xJI j l_>- j' '
ji i_~jl_>Jl iJ_gJ (_5 j_aJ J LXjLjjjri jLaj .jJL.ll 4_i_3j LLxJl J-S jj
.oJu-Wp bji j-ls (Jp JL jJL jj ^ <J llLa t
J| ( «c_ssl Jl aJL?JI ^3 c oi>> j^Jl JjLiij Lub5loj 4_LjtJj
J caL.AsLa o^L^Jj (j^PjL*Jb!l (Jl £>-^j Jjj . Ajllx>c-a i— 'L-J oAp
jl ^Ysl JJ Jl jl c jojp j\ ij-g-^Jl JJ? Jl
(Jjl J>l (Ja (JlP jjJij Cu IL. jL~uU1 OwL» Jl? JoJLp-I Jl
N jl t 1^-3 aJlJ j jJ Jsj jl C3 j-gLJI J.3 ^JlsLUj ^jli jJl Ja <S_*3lj
^ .. ^ .■-p -Ljj jl J j>j->!2^Jl (_$ji j* (*-J J coLitSl ja jjjJj
LfjjjJj«_) *_J jl J j j^jZj (P-g-ll j' cjjjj U
bj ^Jaaxj J J£jj J3 jJl wljlojJl oJLA J^3 Ja jLS" .-XjJuS
.^-ISJI o J L^_J j Ja l jj| ^t>t>tJl Ja 4p*tP»- jl
JlaiSI^ J bilJJl -IgJLPxj jjl 4j*3l jjl jl i *>VLa J> jjjj
(J J* 2 ^j jj| 4_J| jU i iw^-PfcJ<Ji Jl^aj a.il*JJ ^JjllJl JJyO Jl
Lo jji Jp ojLjj Uas bJ Ju-3 obljJl j^ JL»J1 oJL&
3j < .iuil 4_1_P jl-3 t e3ljL*_a j-P jl o3 4_*_3l jJl j
Loj|j t^jJlj a 3 Lg. jJl l j r j LJ«3 AS'jJj j>Ljjl (_^1 o^v^J
‘L*-sljJl j jjj jjJJ^P 4J1 ji | . Lo^g.^ ^^jUaj 4ji>-^jo j^j~pl
jU J OJ>j 'CwAL^- 3 <• Lj Jj O j>tJ Jj jl J jl , U-3 Jyo J 3 jJ^oJl
j jjj jlj cjlills jjj ^Jp j/1 L»_*IJl 3-I 4^3 Ja^j
l-X-^3 ^y . jp jlj .aJJl ^a JAaj Ljj N| J J j»_gP»a ^ J“>U
4jj 3 j ^-^J- 1 OUI 0 J^a jj"jJl La 4s>-j2 L — la-*j (_£jjl 4j
4j*3l^Jl AS'Ul (_g J-l (JL>J| ajja ^3 jJJJlS' Lja^j (_£ jJl
Jj a jj jj? L^P jJl a^bjL^Jl <_<-* j tj^alil j jJj Uo (Jl
149
0 *
. J) 1 L.i> Ln^j UJ (J^l_w3 ^..J Q>vJ J oL
. R(Cato) j jjL 5 L^-> <ul5v>tJl o
l-ij& oLw>- J ^uJl ( /j_o OO t wLoUa^j A_JcLa 0 j L^P cLU-J
j-* otilj 4iUj ^jip ol5 L® ^ L? p : (1) ^LLJiiJI ^^Lp
.£»>-( ^51 *woJ5cJ ljj^>t>3 ^jU jJl
j-e- ^jVl oLlj^Jl (jl-AJ j) t^jJl (^J-LfJt j-LVl <1)1
jj-o jl5 -Lii t oj— i\-«j jlS 1 JlS ^OlLII Jl^pI _ i»
* ^ •* f.
CoUJjj ^jIS^ ^i-P iAj>- 4 j (OL^J* (w-JJflUJ (1)! ■> « la 1 1
«*
cilij ‘lLjIwi ^j-p S-L^*_i cools' c Lg-j UU_a aJU*-
dr^j (J ir> £>^J toCj If; ^ ^1 viJ
VI
(2)
LgJ AjLliap ^^3 t o Jjfc O <Wi 9lLo
1 ^l_v2— <*Jl (J 1 ^3 ^_5l J_j^<jsJ t Ljlp^ -£Jj
iai-3 C^~J L^jjjjJL 4 _«jIjJ| ( 1)1 j^Qj L 3 J^ii l
Plutarque, in: vfta Catonis Min. (l)
o»>l>-Lll ^3 J-o->«jo frill oL ^wLla ^*y 0 j5j ol N aJI ^aI-lJ| ^j-A (2)
Uw LJ3 Lw (1)1 aJp (j^ 3 ^ AjjJ s_3j jAj* jS* Ji A_*^JaJJ OiJji loijlJl
j JlS . AO*o 2 j Loj3 L^JI>c- 0 j (J ^5\j oJuJl?*- Aj Ol LjJj (jl .AJP ^|,» s <SL>«^»>
♦ 1 .‘-.«- '>jP 'Vi S j >- Li C 1 g < P ^rSS^j J-3 Lo ( 1)1 LjL^>-I
J-s^> ^-aj aJL>- Ljq j ./s i aJL>- oLi > si yXP*l/l ^jA j_j^j
frill J? J *3 'J * J ,Aj»i^o (1)1 Ji^Jl ^01* o 5-^i M t JjUJl JlpI y> J5
^y* aJ ii- t A_ia jt-> frill loJLS" Lo-»|j t o^j^-Jl oL>-ji U-jJl^o
>. — L-^up U t»Ji->jji“l l-Lfli Jin 0l 1^} 1^5 ^-j . A^bJl aj^A-^sJI 51 'Sy JSJ ^ I
t l3jI J^* l ^j-^ 3 ^j- 9 N aJjoC oJ-vi"- 4 Aj 0^L^.,Xi
aaJ .AjjUjifl ^3j 5^Jl 5^* Lfc 3 ^ j5iJ oVl?“ ^ a^Ja^ ^ j>A AxJk:;ll aj^oU ^^-asL* ^ 'i/j
l^_Ajl ^-1 *X,<»-P 0\ t 1 <»jI^ frill ol *■ ( 1 ) 1 ^*^ illpl
jJUco ol J >aa11 ^ aJU tOJJoJj .Li y* ^ frL^i frill Jai I j jj jl p..^5llj .oj>otll ajL^
.a ip ol ,j5L^ ol
150
u 4 * p ^
<sJl>- <j.iLg_jJl jl OiJ 05 y> yju LvfOj .*>\_*3
t |»J Jj JJi iJLsJl «J.as y 5^00 c <CJj ^ fcLvij L^jIS -L>- y j
j«-L3 ^ -1-P Aj ^ 3 ^3 ^^asUj 4 OU 3 015 0^ 4 U-Al j3^ <l0OJ| 0 j£->j
.OjliLa o j3 ^a^LO
Ou| 4 JJo 15 UJ j .A^JaJl jjJ (_}! j^>-\ Oi
„ * w » •* >
^^3 1-^—N^ ^J-»vj i-lj I O J*3 C A-*ws_*_-Q A.} 1 1 OwL A
^J^>sjo Lo ^ Jw3 ^Lp aj L iSCJ 1 ^Ajij 1 jjb oo!j>*a^JI
^i-P I ^+ 0 0- bb . Aj j_>oJ! ( /^o 0wL<>JOvw$ Aj>xJ>- Jj^V
uf f, * <*
jbJI jlj 4 f-lj^JI ^3 Ijllxa i A^Jli oUIj ya 4^/jLvS’jJl f-Lii Ajl^wOj
y _^l [OJJi J5 015 |»J] t aUJl J-*- 4 ; O^ 2 ^ 44-^OOJl
AjIj 4 ^OljjtJ A3 jLv~o ol~l?-NI oJlA Jj > 0 Ul Of jJ 4 JwaJL>i^
yi ^Ulao S 4 iy>nAj> ya Jj jl c^jOljill OJJjJ (j y- yo Jil ^jJo
fi tf
<4^001 ^ y^ y-^ J Lv2>t d 05" ,j^03
ON ! aL>t3 jOOv^ Jj->-! jX--i J^ji! 01 ^«Oj
** (> * f.
yj*n Lo \^JaS c L&^_*p talopl ^Jj&I 0 * 0 15 oj^ ^ aJ^_o*31 o.~la ^JJLa
UL« dlb oV <• oL>Jl ^\ <Oww^Jl 2 j*j ol Oj->t JUi W^j •J* 2 ^’ '-f 1 '
0 jj\ jjl* aj j->o /ys jj*>\-3 dUJU .0155s OLoj ^1 ^3 4 Jta3 e ^ r 1
> - 1
UJj O-'wU>0l 0^-^^ 5kJ 40jj>i_)<_a OJ_?- J5 J-jOLo
^»lj JuJi 4 Ll*La <LttXs 4 ^A_Jj ^aL.Q ) L»_il 0 jj\yL^S\ 4_> Ow>15
ya ^1 J Jj>- j JLO» 4^15^1 <L*_;_J3 /^jo wLikJL^wO 4 j_JiL_aj
>
JJ^Xj VI t6^>sJCoJl ^jj J-yg-J^ jJ^Ul |jj*i JUaj| V .Oo|y>T^<Jl
(3) - . -, .
. A2 jjIj
^ 0 ^ . A».* » lg.ll OajlL^ ULv>-l 4jli ^3 Lo O l -L>- ^jJ-j ^ i JjLX~I j^o (3)
t O j j_LJ! jJajJb ‘uX.O l)I t *>L*_3 O' JjL-I \Xa X>- Lo I3\ c LJ jjJr -Lai t OLii
: <l! d)l LLO 01 JjL'I lil 4 ^)LLo Iw\^La j-aJl dll ~ ) Lwo jJl b'y t
151
5*
. (LlaLojI <LoLp oOpUs o*ta&^) 4_>c_ s ta I ^Jl *A_?tOoJl^
Oj-^-> ^JO»- ,J‘J‘-LJt p— *-£j Ol ^£-9 ) A_J Lj2_S" ^ 4_)|))
J-J-lJl A^lij Jj>sj ^llt 4_*il jjl ^jA lji>cp| ^iSl O^-^
4j>cJ>bJ| L-Jaju *>li t ^>e_>JJ ^tal-Lj (JU>cJl oJL* ^1 >-J .L^-Jp
# fr “ c*
o S_5 1 j_*_j <L3U! 5 ^JjJl ^o ^wv*j1jjlj IjuSI; 'i/J
4 oLo>xJi l*"<i 4 jL» jl5 (J?l Lo-Op . ® 1
vi m p ^ p >p ^ P p p
( j* 2 ->«-a^J| I-La ol 4 ^L*oo>-I jJL?l Lg_>! * L^lj jA s i\
O jS SJ Jli LgJP j^_>tJ ^xJl <*_9 1 ji\ ol jl t OjJaJlp J3 0^ ^LlaJL*-!
p p p <<
±-Jl3jS\ Lo c (_£ j-^-'Vlj 3jj>s_*-oJl ^j_o Ojljlj ^ *>L*_9 oo_*Jj
^»S"I j5\j|^ 4 (^jl ^iL> ^-^-^"1 4 ^fJJu ^1 oO_A ^yAj ^jA
4 L^_lP ^_-_>e_> ( ^yja ljL>tup| ^OSI 4 _oL^-oj APOta* C)\S 1^1 Uol
• oJ^j 3 cOLLa 4l| J yAi ol OJx _<> j laita L^jlpLwo^
jisii
( j^w^)lij ^iJl a^L^xJl ol (JjLUI Lo^^joI oJjJ
dlL l^jSS olj c (J^ 3 ^ 3\ 3 y a® ojj>t^_oJl [_j <J ^j4-!1] L^Op
Ol ^>lo>e^2l ^ta) fc <5ta lJ» 1-? t 1 Ota Aj^j (J,j ^JLta t Ls_^Jl ta j-A-j
t Aj L*_J ^OLls ^Aj oL OolOo>-I oJ-jJ O^lo c jL^.7o>-Li^ t. s ijl ^-LjJl j i jia^j
jJ AjI Oita . A*.^Ja.ll O^ 1 ® J^l AOl^lOi Jl^-I oJjfc ^3 L^-Sl Oj^O^* - <1)1 0^^ c jjfe oU
*V a^j 61S" li < LOjLp pIaJ LiJl oi O^! ^ -j>“ta^ *Joj-io>- ol) ^j. ‘ - ta j ,^1 ^Jjj
O j-^J ta^Olj AoJ Ota 0^1 1-j-A ^0-J liU . A ^^Ja Jl | /^j1^aJI Oita! \J> y*- Ojl^"
Oo J i,r?_] O^-^' Ol 0^° Ajc^JaJl] 4_0i3lOa jiOl O^Ssj ijl 0 A^j ^ OLtal
(3 ji>- 1^.1 ^Lp asju o^>t-*J.l o_ 3 ol ta} lu^ta_> .^otaJl Ul* JOo 4_0_L o^ll 0 jl ol^ol^
OjL^oj ^j-a ^jSCoOj oij t< y3j^- j Jpli Ja ^*< jy j\ aUI y* AvSjlP- ^yx-yA? OjjLaJ
j\ Oo _^tal <i~~j ^IaJjU , 0 j&yr OcJa. Oita j^Sli j i. o_^tatajo M oij asjU^I
O jJJ 1)^^ ^ L^r*“ ^Ij-f-ll ^ OJLjj ^UjjI Ul. .aOj oJo>^-»-a f-l j^Jl ^3 ( J^v«Ji ^j_a AOjL-*>
,Aj ^o>tj ^ Lol jJj 4^aOj>- o^>t^»a j^s t OlS ^Jj 0JJ3 Aj
152
( 1)1 Jl <CSG^ 43jL>Jl AjIJLo-j J.S <pl
vJlJ Jw>- Ja_3 jtJ 4_j 1^ 4 JjUJi ^3 i — 3 1 l_L3 ~L3 lj*j|
iolj t CuO ^lp J* J^>t-V3
IS oJj>t_*pO ^i_P J^olS L-5^ j-***- 5 l)I LuSv-^-J t^jlS
^f^i-AP ^ 1 p *^ > ~ ^ ^ Cy* 3U_p <cJo L^J-p
‘(*-^ ^klLLa jr“ ^31 L-~*^ Nj f-f-^.j
jjjw4 ^ 0 ^' r^i c?*ji ^ cx^j
C»...„J ? Jl j Ljl-L*2-«Jl ( j^> ^LLll (_j^ jt-jJ /j-a-aj tj^jJl 4jaJU<-«
j 1 1^__> wi_5CJ I .» gp ^jl L« bl ^ jS ojL— j*j L)_jjjL>o c — au
^j-a 43 J ^_*_a 4 juL (^J t i—9 j-L$La ^^jp _^* tJ <_ S 'Lp t -^--J £jLsj J^p
LfLS" ajlAj .upJlSsJl jjji J— *5j ( j-a J_> «LaJ jj_£L j/ C— 3 "tJ C j*JL*Jl
. ( _o LUl ol^Ji ^ 51* IS" <Uj LjUaP-N LjUa^Jl i^Sj jjaJl
La b! |J— a 4oLv— >y\ 4*-~Jfijl ^3 Jap-jL) jl LjbLaJ 4)13 C LjCj
^jSL&J La i_jL*— 4>lp <U3aJzj 4jI J_>-j t LajLp L,al>t3 4P ^y2S>ni
^-Lp e-L-J j jl jbJl £-1 jJl jj-a £-j_> L$l j^- 9 4jiiJl J_a LJ jjJXJ jl
jl ^A jjj/NjLP al ^3, Lg-i (_g -V.~.^_* ^Jl SJpliJl jl .^HSl
l) 1^J 4 Ijblj ciU-t l ^ « P LJ 0 j~*~ ^ lIIjIp
jL5 L>-L^*“ aJIj cNL^-1^-1 jJlS^I j-a bL^pl jiS'S/l oL)Ju>-j US'
^1 3wAjP (^ 5 ^ ^ t ^>t>«Jl ^3 4x>_)
oJijfe J-Sj L)j-ww«J ^3 LJ j_S .4-5 jL 1JI ol la^^LoJl ( j-^
^ ^JLwv^xiJl ^j_P <Lo o^ljL^ <A3lj (jl ^Jl j-^LS o3-pLiJl
Oi-Lft ^pl^j A>jJi ^3 C jJl d)Ld 4
j\ C-Aj>r-» 1 J| j^-^JLLa La 4_*jlj ^Aj LaAJP- j-g-3 t EjpLflJl
^J-P ( j_a C lL>- AjoI^JI oj-Ss ( J^a ^XvaJ ^jl ij L^pNI
p ** *• ^ p p
SL?-LL<J| (JLj^-jljI j 15 L<Jj .L$J 4^slJ-^2_^ J^S" ^ ,1? ,>c_> ol 4JL*i L«
153
4-iU t Nl*jLi 4 y* 4c_^l>tpNlj
cLllJ^I (1)1 (^5^“ 4 L^lP J J-v2J dLL ^Jl
o jj^xJI tlU-L ilAxlNl o jj».- Ij.'.-vj N ^jJl
o t >^-U^ j*-p j t L^p i^j|jj>-'yi dJJb
j»_ aI ^Jj c jl ^La^UL aJjJ j»-A j^p 1 jSjLij
4_->L>sp| OjUL
i!L>-jb' i_jjl^p- jL*p-I jg.,a->^J ^J| j_f- u l-~^ (_3 ^_>XJLj La L<>_3
v '-plp>s_P jj-P J*— ^-jLjIjJJ (. j_Jlj j->«-Ji Jlj-pi ^j-P | ti g iLjLSCj?-j
L« til ^.iJI ^jj db'b !^LkJl Jjl jij c jL?~b' '— -pt jpj 0 p-" 1 '
4j wUJLaJj 1 |t— ,L.«Jl JJL*JI AjL^-i cdJJi tjlS w 4_-J>-
j^>s_J aJIj alp.il JlS” i— 4j ^ iaJl oJ_& ^3 iljL^oNl o^LfriLil
N la 1 ^ ji 4jI t i^uLo^Jl ^jjJUl ij^SL j! jjjJJlaJJ
P A ^
4^ip ijl J ** lS~ 3 jt ^ l^jLp O^^sj l)1 jy>zj U5 . <J
w „ <* p
->!—£ ^ 1 oi ^^ijJ l \ ^A-P ^-^^9
yy 4 ^Jsjl ^ ^JjL« oUj>xJL^ v j ^£*Ul i— 4.1.^/2-jl 0 U> t iU-k
* w p
i?tLv2-o-Uj 4 t__3j ^iajl vlUu ^->P ^^3 ^^alLJl <CjU ^3 -b>- Li^a ^£S1 4^3
^jj 4 <uJj^ 0 JlU 4 O^.A. 1 1 4__JuLj 1
^b -^'jj ^ dr*^ L/ 1 t ® 3 ^' J?
«> * 10 y
djis - ^aJl o-i_4> ^3 |>.g i ULp Lj^_a 'iljljo O jJjllxJ
L>b 4 cf-Llj J^ojJl 0 ji OLo-xJLval 1^-alj jJ i^s^J ■ ijjJoJI J Ajt^ijJl
-ijja ^ - >- 1 J-^3 t L^_)LA-^p ^ L L ^.s. i 1 ^ (JI^-aj^M
. ^ ^ 1 1 <CpL
. <cp li
J
ji J-ajJI l5 1p o^lsi (_r^i °- ; *-^'j' l3, i ^-p Mb'
f * j* ■ n Ifl ] 1 ^»*JjI~J| «>Xaa<J 4 L^p j ^f 1^ l ^ ■ L? l>^ A s J '
iJjJu N ap-MJI <1) I ii>Jl (j-avP*- (j-^j ^ <■ L^bi
154
p * p f
J (Tully) 0^" Lo LM .l^)iL 0 ^^).AJl 0 *-L&
^lojj [ iJ -ii] ^ y^\ y> *S y l J^ 1>>U jljJ-L (Demosthenes)
jl Ji^u p-L*-» J;lj l>' oU t ( _^-Jl j!
0 Jw* JjLo A-^^o*}l_^— i 1 4 £_J_il I j^->[J 4^11)1 4-oLp AjT j-i
.4jJl^J| yS- 4iaJ_*Jl ' 3u3 ' yJ I
(. jjlj^Jlj oUj-jJlj *Lwo_AjJl cjlj->tj«-<>-lJ o^JLxJl oNL^xJl j[
jl 4 oil _vi_« ^1 jJL l^ i i (LvLSCJl Lo) c d)l_>o j JlS' ^xJI 4->iL£Lll
l5 Jlp ^ujLi' 4_J'y.> Jju 4 La jy>~ t)^>L>- y> Lg— ua > <z^>r - h 9 l _j-*
0 1 Ljj jj-LL?-j 4 jj>u j o^LuJJ (_jjL>Jl
Lj:>Lp lLUu .J-JiJI IJla y* jLi-NI ^ dlLLlI l5 JLp LLLj^
^ p p p ^
j j— J 4 4 liLxpl I* jiSl j olwtA-'yi olS' j-ij ^-SLalSl
^3 Lo^^v'^j 4 IjLJtJol N j LpI i^jJLp-I jL»j-Sl1 ^j-o
Lo aJI kiiJi t ^1 jjJ I jLi-l 4^_Jli'yi oj_oj 4 (_>
Lo_£jLj>- ^9 A-jLiJl S ^«JJ (jLJLjj (j lt3 ISc^oJ I AjLjlJlj ^.pLjtJl
4 j.JLo— l l IJlA JjL^o AjI JJ ojj <jl .Lo_fjl j-Ul l"-*- 1 <jl y — 1
Jujj j .j— >J| 4iUi ( J^ 4 A_ljttj I y (Jjl 0 J-SLj L)l ojJj 4 4 aj j JJ J
* w p
*^i oil Ij^jl 0-Lgj j»JLgj Jilp Jju jJ ^lill ^ IjjSs
Lg-3 y>j L»_o La j^J 4^N I aJ AS"Lo ijl
i ^ 1, B i j A-JjjJl W>lj-?X^_4J| |_J_I J_v2_j ^yJl a_oLp ^3wtj 4 0^9
.aJLj jJlj oJaJI ^s<a3L
4^-j1^>c-^c»JI^ jL^a-1 Lp o| 4 LLLj^
Lo <ul jl 4 a_JL >- j <lUUJI jt-o'yi y-i j_il5Lj L»_>| Lg_,l
P Ml W } * w
L^liL J3 dJJ^ J_>c-Lv*< IjJli l LaILo
^ j 4-o ^_>Jl JiL 4-^w| j_ij | L^ _^-Lij t ^^L>-jjLo^ < lL^_>-
Lojj^p^ Ujl^Up U>jl^ L)Lw>"1 «/? ?
155
LLLjI JlSj ol Lli L ^ij')l\
y>^-i. L~->-j 4^_.. JaJ l [/»Uaj] J^j. ^J- >, =-LiJo L~>- i Jj-L>- j»JL
*>L
, 4 -j Laja’x^i ILp j>*-3 ^J-p- aJLL-p i.- ^ . j
J*
o j_oJl 4 _pL>i_<iJI Mj «-L jJl Nj cjIjjJlII Nj lijl_*_«Jl o j-Sv-j
i*® p 9 ^ p
(Jjl ^JxJl J) .Iwbl j_-_>s_) <L^X « a lg ll dJlL J^pIjLo
jg )l •ol-Lp-^l l1I_Lj ^L<i_^vJl ioLjjJLpj olJl^JxJl jl oo I jj_ooJ I j
i-ULJI ^1] JDj ^JL5 UJ j£1j .1^ ^^jJlj ^Jl UJ-L3I
Cr* '~fj^ ^ i_5^ ‘^-uL^ i_r <_^j^' [aLp-j^JIj
I lijJJ Lo oLp LoLs 4 0 j-OJOw>Jl J J A,^> xj I
J_W«JI J-a j-Ljl LJ*-* J-S" jJ-^aj Lwlj Nj
JJL*Jl 4 a^ 5L) Jti J-jaJI IJl» j j5 ^pj Llj ^1 ^pL^p^l
.jA aJLa’^-oiI ^X-o-> N aJLj t ^j~>- (j- 0 ^9 j^-Ll [a)Jl*->Jj JLJ 1
.ULg-> ^ l . p! ^L^JaJl
ft ^Jl.ig .> *• ^jULli ^ - lg *
-^1 oO_& JjO> ^ v o 1 /^J 4 j| (JjJlJ 0 1 w 0_-*J I
^olUl tjl t^jlj ^3 C 4->l j£* ^ ^3 IOjI A3jL>eJl
1 0_A 4_LLoI \ j^JlS J-3 U-j ^ J .OLoj JS*
CjU j J\ o_\_A ^yA ^y--j I ^ Lv^o i
t J-jJwwwJl l ^\ jJl i^J^J ^Lov5l>tJl ^yA ^\ Lg_J Ji*> jl£j pj
Ul IjJ^Liii C^ID! oU J5JI 1^5 y ol Jl >\M
-Xj>J| iJofc ^Jl cj o j + ^ a^JI ^ o^LS"'^/ 1 0wL^> Ol
> 4 s
Cwi jp L^J 1^15^1 j . ooIjI J wJl oO-A , LOa /^) oojJ’ jj L^jj t
> —' f. p >
( _ y A l . /j ..; il^Li (_jj! Ojlw? o — »j -Laj t l$J La I aj jj
.Lg^P ^1
t_jiL$\Jl HJi ijJjLL^I ,-w®
a — ^ L~*j d~i L ~lJ
156
J_A\_JLa (JjI ia_^_i jl t I LS j-g Z, ..Xl jLJ jl J_*_> j» ( _j-~“-> (jjLJl
(Paphlagonia) LJjpjLj t (Lucian) jUojJ LoJbtj L>5 t <u .15
oN i0^5v»j c-LjJlj ^J^PxJl -jfi Lg^P ^L'l ol5 ^xll
^xj*- L)jl.Xxjl ^ g .■ a j^jJJI .VpL j/l jl .cpIa^jxJI J 2 J.pI p_gJLp
^ Ji>- L/ <-Lp jfi " yi jl j^p Ijjjp
t s^Lj 1 JjL oL>L5L>Jl jv-g-L^aJ Lo-i|j •jjjl
1 JL*Jl 0 _^3 jL*J|j c-Lo5L>rJl ^0. x5o oLa ^X jl j^w ^3 j jJliAoJ!
^»..g-X5L<o> Lo ^_Aj_LoL jl t LgCCSoPo— ■ <L) jJ>t_^vJ j
^1p Ij^li o^ApI oLi ^53 ^aJl I Iu^a^ . 4j La^j jj
i ^L>- ajl*-wo ^Uo-jlj ucj Lo ^_ p j\_J_i £ jLgo^- ^gj L.i j jl
j^° jr’'-^ ’Ll (J - 1 i L g -■ Ipj L> JJ LS" I jj-a Li Ip j j 1 Jj ^pj/l aao*AJJI
Ula Jj^>- Uo (Marcus Aurelius) ^^Jjjl i _ r J ^ j^Jal^j/l O-LJ
. 4 J 4j j5wP 4X*j J ■/? 1 ^jlp 1 AP J L>cJ I O I ftXSL! I CJ I <• j- j jya LUvJ j~P L/ 1
4 JI ^Xp b <xLgp<J ' cy* jl
^>ibJl 4 ^ Ip ^Lp ^ lp j^Ssj a£ O ^-p j
^lii ^5 L^jL^jol Ji j lj.:>- JU c (j _l) o|j Jo3 jji\
Lgj jXai o j^x.xl aXj.l« jLS ai La j g J 2-0 jjl jl jj Lgx^ jzS^>
joL Jl j ^JLL u ^ — a JS\j ^Jft^j>~L3 t LgpjL*-^^
j/j o'ftijL^Jl : .,-a ^*_Aj_l_> t'c-jl ^yfi
IuSLaj .Lgj ^Jajj La^xjI a^-j 4j t, 4 aj L> 3 jjiillj jjla.^oJl
lg ,,j,a.'i 4jlSj»- ^wsX3 t jLicojlt ^ 2 ji S i_^>o*Jl ^yJl jL^oNl
aj jj jj! oJSjj! i c~o jL ^x?- (Jj'il Lgxi? jj> ^ [opAxJL] i j^LUl Jcs
^3 jUaSLo j/ 1 jjjjCol ,jL5LoJl jJJ^ cl - ^ 0 **— JJI op^"
^j 3 | » . g S i jl l_P^* J j) g «L oJ I jjjjJl J S j-*Jl jJJj AjAojLi ^jLJ Lol
Lo t s-lj L/l j,LL Op>ojj j 1 aoL«j jJl ajj jJ»I jll J-^LJ j^p aJL«_o1I
157
t j JJLaJI o j_s L>j j s jAa ^a LgJ
p 4 tf ^ ^
aJ <J1^j>c-J 1 wli Lj "jA l)1 . Lp^JLS
p ^
(jl U J* O-bo N AjLi i C^Lg-Jt ^S\Jj I Jjfe JiL&J *W?ji
. A-o.ilS'l <wi-*L$\J *X*S**«A l)^«^ ji oULL ^wS*
^Lc<] (jjl^>cJl i jJlJ i ^y c l*jlj L-A-w^I l)I
£*> l£* cjt^ M aJI :[Ji*J!
^j-o <lS ~Lp Lo-j l^JLs^jU-^ ^JLJ j^J l L>e_^?Ij LowL$\_} Lg_o _L$Lj
J_j l la Ji i eiLg-jJl 4 _JjIj_nA^ oj_>«_*_«J! ys jJLi N i oIjLj^M
P p ^ v
tj*^Ai y~^-' y^\ ij'-* ^-j-g-aj iL« Ljv-»j o^y^
j^3 jP la tj| d-s^TiJ (jj^J yi -O' I (ji
.jjA-iJ InS ^ yj AuOjiJl lajj ijlj'il (j j£-> (ji (Jlp“s~«Jl y“ 4jIj L yh^JL)
J»S" oLj c ijJJ-iJ .yS^a ijp\ ^Lp l^-lS" ao-jLs . .^g Jlj
c ( cjIj^cjcc*JL L^lSj) oloNl o-L& -i?-! L^j! ^p.} 1 oj^^a
0^>jj ^£.JJl ^l i a jJ l ^J_P ^JwJ.lJl jt— A (jl lg ^ jfr (jlS" U — J
yh y£ ji y i ^JiL-a y*^ L _^ e ’ o|j <.ijl JI (j-^A l$J ijU t aJI
AiljLvA« j^ia>o lLU - iS" l$Jls t ^»UajJ 1^-Ja^oj •y-\ j»llij < J S
^ \ jJaJ LJa>5j Lwo 4^»UiJl klUj L^ip ji ji ^}\ tiiij
i_s^1j tAsAsl^-« ^JiLij l^jl 4_aJ_x>i^<>J 1 OloS/I
L^_vA*j Lfjl i A- - X.o. i J \ oJjPi L»™^ t (_Jj!^>cJl ciJ-L;
p VI
Jjl (jJU?; LoJAp l_L)li k J*bf j^J_<iJl 1-L^J L*-Jj .Laaj
LJLj_^aJ AjL^v^ 1 jjj t AjIaL>- jt _L<L>e_« klS\'y>^JU* yfl
. ^"^(barbarous) ^ ajUi^ ^ >_j yJl y>
y jJa .> i dJai-N*’ j laX; (jl IaJ-P y^Sj <jli n ^ j- 5- ! 4-g->-
<^v3J
JjjnLLj Jyj 11 [1939 ^aUl y*)l ^ jj^ 1 (Siarn) ^Ln*> v (i ! f)
*ll>j^/i J^-9 ^ulp Luv^i L/^i J J^> (^*» )
. («uJidl) d^ki
158
(.(Tacitus) jj-JaJl Jj t (Plutarque) iJjLJjJuj (Titus Livus) ^
(-jLLSUI u L 5 c jl.. /? : >-Lj
^3 ol J->s-*-aJl j'ui»-l IjXtf-' (j-jjJl (j-* a ( j-~J5vJjjLSLil
jj La^ ^ LJ-P ^ i ^~^ i ( jt-fj
(sjLk*Jl j - -^ j Lss^Ltsljj <L.Xac>5-aJl a aiJJj Ij ^
oJcft JjjJj - 1 ^ - c- \j j-^>-\ ^^xil ' ir" (*-^ <-^ cS*^ ot^
„ - >
AjLJL>J| ^3 ^ L^lSsJj C A9jJij A$liaJJl ^3 aJL**o A?^>Jl
A— ^lp o!^-v2j ^Ji-LAs L i <U;J.(^.) Oi (J ^ JJL^'V I
w p * J *
01 Olj Li aJL2..u Uj[ t L» ^Jj
^yJl Alaj>dJl ^3 ji Ju*j ^^J-P OlS* jJ> { j2 . >&JtJl dJJi
.1^3 0-*ij jl ^Ls
aJUjJ l. ^UJI ^jjLJl ^j3 LiLoj jJlS*)I\ (_£J_>-) (j)
j^a \ j^j^a 4_iL*JL) I^jI (_$JlSI (Vespasian) L)L_**^^3 ^..la.ilJ
* (.6 . i .
UjjJ *^ljCCa! t4jLo» 2 jJ>x~ou £■ j&\ \jj\j t 4_i j_LL 5\_^N I ^y3
^J} aj^J-lL f-* jJ\ (jjjJl (Serapis) 4_!N1 tjjj
Ul* (JjJ 4_il£L>Ji oJla Sal ji .iijliJl oL-~JacJl e-Lft
•« **
oJlS’j^ oLjLw>JI
^ . . Cf* J 5 J-V -
b> lil c ic-*>LJlj o ji LfJ (_ jJau L)V iLli i oLgJLLS
<LL aJLLLJI oJLa aI^I »W a*« oL
J^LS* aJuIp Jl5 $\ t AXJfeijjj ‘U.^j AIjLl«j l ^, Jfl.*Jl jj-Llj^oVl iJufc
«* p - w p S*
O^-S* La lj-il t AJL^JjL>- J AjL>t^?l jJl^j Aj Lj>-
i • !i - i 0 tn Ail- .
aS jUJI ol j^lJl dJUu (Demetrius)
V-* Ul
Hist. lib. V, chap. 8.
( 4 )
.in vita Vesp ^ h\j Js\ j^e- (Suetonius) ^ yi y*
159
aLJj c od-L/sj <U >-1 ^jjdl LSI .■4^J*!AJ ( ^}\
(jtjUaNl ^^Jlp Co-jJJL'I jj_s< 2~*J! a ^L-P ^Jipl dUi J-S ^1 dlls'
jU^ y~>- 4j>-1j_v'«Ji j^} (j ^ 0 °jy~ 1 8
iiUj ^J-P JJL) Lilj .J ^d>e->Jlj U J-*JwO
w^^P 4^ ^ ( 1 ) 1 i ■ <> » 5 4 ^ 9 4 I jf-—
4 4_*_9l^jl ^-Lp jL_P *,.*> 4 4JL3 <X^> ^ ^*iljJi
pJj 5 jjjJ^! j^p <u3*>ti_l! <UjL*Jl c^ww>cj jl J_*_> lj.xih
.tfU-i /^o 4 jJ5 1 ^wLij (jl L^jISvoL w\_*j
«Utrumque, qui interfuere, nunc quoque memorant,
j-M t^JjoJl \y Ulj] ((postquam nullum mendatio pretium.»
N 4->J_SLJl 8-1 JJ /j_a jJj t o Jl lo_&jJ_^_d ( j-j.iJl
i oJ-aj Id c4_jJ_*Jl <L*d» dlb LjLsj’I bU l [d)_j-!lj ^
IdA Jdo ^^Lc- (_£ jii ^ Iddj N bl yb
• y j JaJLuJl
(Cardinal de j ] lj j:> JLojISJ! 5 jy^> olSd- dU-iS bd
^•^ddl Id* Id Ladjb i 4 jUp Jb Lgj dll Jj^sdvd di t Retz)
8 da-w-S ^p 4 4jlapl 4_iL>-*}l« ^^.8 lda->d 8 lod-d <_5^1 ^jd-dl
>U-j 4 4-oljJulSlll ^ d \jy^>\ d--p c(Arragon) dijpljl dw^lp
^9 <1)15 ^j-« J5 ii 4i jp-j t oi L»I ^j Jl^_*JI w-ill
J»LJl ^tj jl 5J .i^SsJl jJJj ^ 4jl^Lp L>j^ j15j 4idJuJl
,oJd>-lj Jl_^- j-i (1)15 4_Jl CwLjb ^j-5" <vJwJ^
.^Jl >- jj o J-aLJj 4j! Jlwjisai Oo^JL 4XP^aJj>c^
£ f W » t-
<ll » ^9 t jjj> J5* ^-> t o j-A a_aa^j5\JI a 1 ^5 J-S* J5I
^9 ^ j Laxj 4 IjjLS' ^ .>1 (JLxj^jL$C!I Jj>-^_9 4 4^_il^Jl Jl^5Lj
0 f. 2 y,
Jill jl5 L-i-J 1 Li_A-Ia^ Llj Jw»d?d I 4 >51 ^p
160
J-yg-ll \ (jL^a jS* ^ Jl 43 jL>»J! 0*LgJ I JJ*0 Ia»
p 0
d— >LS* JLL 0 Li I .5 j jJL-p ^ oLS* Lo-S* c \j j_>tJL4 t 4 _p
I jpLS^ L 0 ^JLS* l ^. jLSLs ^ j ^-aaL \ Lai J) C L^L^J 4 j*_^J ^)-L*Jo Lo_j ot ^jlJl
o p >
Oj-Aj -bjj li_aj .LfJ ljJ_g-Jij A*j|jJl Ijlj yjjJl t Lo Ap - jj i a^IS'
jl c a—^LloJI swL^j j^a'yi y lil?-li L^-jjj tioLg-iJl aJL^o y
<f p 0* „
'y Lo-^ t “>V_^£3i Lgj liJiv2^ j-Ij 'V c ai15^»<JI U <Sjji <_£“jJl Jbjj>jl$Jl
j*£S*\ ^LaJ . A***.aJL<>Jl APjjtJl lj-& aJ y~ jJ-y? (j^l ^3 ^jLjj-)
jj-Ssa jl J-^aJl l-i* (j-^ A*jlj jJ i_£jJj^aJl jr* ^ (jp- jf^
jjs J*A>“ y-a LgJalp oPLg-iJl IjiU £ j^Jl
jl5 ULJ Ail <_f jAJ jl5 JjU-3 i. l^X>Ajl L _jJl A>-I.XjJlj ^5j*Jl ( J_walji
p p» ** _
c jlSLJlj oLajJl ^jpa j«*/g9 l^L^J ^L>«^a o^L^Jl ^3 dJJ:>
1 j^yg->- I j^U- p- j-oJl oLS" i^ s> ' ^ j-*-v2JI ^JL dUAS” JJaj 4 jLs
<•
CjWyi ( j-a t j^’ljJt ^y-a j_w-5" jt— >~J La tiUjSJ C 1^-JjLwO
,JJiP jj*S* I vjUjJ , j_Sjjjl^J A-*-Oijl^ ApI^X^JI^J
^yjl o_w>ti*_oJl jlj t JaJ-*-!l A w?j oil_^_jJl ojjss Jai^> jl jv_A*^
j-a jj^o jl ^31 <— ' yl AA^AaxJl ^jUl O^L^ Ja JCZ^Z
.^laxA- j» j j^J jl LgiA l A) j>^i
& p *"
dJ 1 1 lj_j| 4_<>_> 4»L«J^
a® p
^ LJy ^ oii^j L 4 JI I j^y JJ ^1 dJJj ^ JS I Op-Ij
c^aSjI Lo UJUaJ ^JJl t j^gJLlI ^^l^JUJI t(Abbe Paris) . j l_) A-l I
jj-p jLSja JS y ^liJI J_iii tj»_AjJl y ^LDI a^IjJ
Lwj t^jj^aJl ^J) j^zJ\j p-vp'yi ^J\ jA-o-^Jl ^Lp-jIj SljlXo
^ w p
( yj& L^p wLfcAi'yi .^j^wLLoJ! ^cj ^ - s ^ _i 1 4 - 0 LJI ^J^^LL>JI
^ p
ys- ^jip I^Jlp JLl I A-olil C^jJj JJ ApI^jcJI ^ys I jJS jl t jUi
cjLpJ Lg_i j ^ «aj t ^ g iaIjJ M ^>LSjp- ^>Lalj tjL5j*Jl
161
jJl U-lH 4 j*-^ J'* 3 P L5® 4 ^ _>® J"° J"*
4_*jjjjj o {*-> A-S Cjljjjc^oJl oJL^-j LlxS^ j! Ju ! i a.a.9 lijfc
j*-POj t ^_g_*_«J»- <uUlJ l _ s -i^' C ijj-U^-j . J l jA-ij j»Jj .(l)L5La J>5"
lLUj (jl ( J^S frljVl oA^J aAjjaJl j»^jliL>caj <. j*_gJ ^j_LoJt
jl aA_& 1 j_»*ij>-Aj j| C L£-aA>s-j O >[S L«_>[ pi j^»-» .O.J'
!Aa %x>zXj^ t L^j
^^LaJl j\ jULuJil <. (Montgeron) j -L— Jl ^l^SLJl IJLa c-^5 OiO
Ajl JUL Q, .-»->• 4 4 * .,/3 A ll A^r^Js Va/2 j! ^A (jL^ 4 A-R-o-.^mJI^ AjL^II (jjjp t ^-OjL
..Jli AjUS^ w — -j U < 1)1^0 ^j5 ^ ^Jl
AjJI £*>\j?%j <+ 0 ^ ^LlXj i-Jjj^j] W>lj-Lf- Aj*>\j ji>-l * — 'llS A^_j j
l ^ jlIjlS' oo^j*- p o>lj^>*-*il *2JUb jj_p c->LLSL>- w >lzS
S j-li 4 4^j *^0 ^zJl L—aLs^ C-»lj^vJ»x0 0>l»JjlJLo ^Jp fi-L* J
jl j5A-> j-~-^ “^l-fA jl£J (.JjSlI <_^p JjWjJJ iiiLSja S^^i-S/I oJl» J £■ ^NjJI jl Lj_i
j^j L) ol Ldp <jl£ lip .w>li£sJl 0 j3 Lp L*jl (jjJJi jAj ^ A-— AJ o-iL^J* ^>-1 f
Iju*- t^s*** 1 —^31 ^ ajlJ L ^-1 ^3
jJj C->lj>«-*il <jl ji <jl t 4 _^aJ L« j^AaJ (. <Cj jLia
Cf*^^ jl-*^"^/l ..fl.la^l J3j . J ^JLxS\ o^- Is .a^x^ Aj-o LAj-sP \j*^S
.j^S*Ail d-^>- j j ! 4.,L /? 1
^L«l j j.q .t ^Jx3 0 ^-iLii c^JL La jl j£\ j*^jj -Li ^jL a-jT c^l Jj^x_*x 3 ^j.4 I o)
L« ^1 (^jJl 4 (Noailles) ^1^ JljjjjL^LJl jliajl 4 -uia^^I 1
• Ivijl ajIjlpI OLS" S^USDl j aaI^JI aj j ^
-i'j * 1 (^1 A>Oo»xil Alij ^JUU J 4 !jJ-P oIS" Aa9 <~J> j-t^] <il>- L«1
JiL LfJ ^x>- ^ a_j -L>t_) ^*aojL a^p j /^_aLS 22 aAp- jlaj sJJJj
^>1 JL»j jlSDl • J*^“l W^l ^ 4 Laj-^L> LJ-^ll ^j*o Ljil IjJli ^Jl
.iSs- Jf-
aJL>* L|^N L>* ^wL>-l ^3 o!j^>«^j.l lUJu ^>JlS\j L)1 “^3
a -L p ^yi tOxlS” -Ai 0^5" ^P ^ialll <^_3 j~**-\ .v2Jj ! ji ^J A-MMj'i/l
A ^ ^ g _; o jL ^ -.x 4_A.Lig jl .,/a~3^/l aJI l^JLo-P L« ^3 A 4 i) j£j Uj ^a/32 LS~
L« jLp 4 li| ^p jia^Jl <a_3j^a2j J jJI 4jjjJl_j ^-Aj
~ 4 A^il p-A^JP ^Ju ^jAJI j^AjL-1 .t. ll ^j3l>t>- la ^ ^.... a>l
162
oJlA JjLs 4 j UjAjLi Lo J ?S_U>-1j 4 joIj
jjilj Jl aIj .Sjj>«_*ll ciiJjd l C-^- 1 1 j ^JUlj ^3 oLi-lj 4-iiJl JaI ^
,«L)L*O.I ^3 JJ»-JjJl ( jj3 oil j~}\ c*_»l5 A.la.L^j 1 . <l)Uu j-Jl J| ^L>- *1“0 dJJS
01 I j-o..lg jl t p^oLajj ^ wLflj I LdS ^*>LJl 01 -Oi3 t
^^Mi i oi j-^ L-~-> oi di.».ti i_j
^ji C J>a| OjpLyg^-*.*' C^Ul C^blg-0 ^ ^yJl ^plkll I >^>^3 ^ jjl li-A
.LO*- LwjL L05* o_^j 01 Ml aJ^JI jj JI^MI oOa Jx* (_5^ *— 1
c(Heraut) j ^a j.^^ 01 ^LMl *OJJj Jp L*o ^s ^3 IjjIS* /^jd-ll -Oil
01 .^1*3 ^Jl 4jlSbj aJpL C+jJ 4j j ~P-> ^Ljj_2 Aliiflj jL^-1 ^Ailjjl J 3 LJ O 3 Ij-^S" ^JJl aIpj^JI AjOLa
oliaJL-Jl JalS" (j-^ J5^ ^y° ( j^* a -0 jUa» ^ J-^ 0 <c)jt>- ^JDl JajLsAJ! 1 Jl*
iiLv^aMl J[ t^Jlxjl ^3 JLoj^j 01* -AjflJj .Lg^jJ^O jl oJa [jU>-I Jjljj] £~a
.^tA-Ls^? • 4j>t>- ^1 Jp 1 -VjI J-Lflj ^1 4l^Jj . ^ j ^ *I> ) L L»1j
^ij ^*11 (De Sylva) UL~> JL*jJ Jl (Thibaut) yJ» OvJNl aIU- Ju^-p Jui3
<1 ~-p jJ 0 j-^j 01 <JL>0»1 ^y> ‘OIj ^-wOaJl 11 a ^ j*j> t 4^?xP J* k_l-_iLS0 l ^ ^?->cjaJ
Ji« ^3 (. LaJl?-j Lo^S* i ^.^1 0 01 JL>0.1 ciUS U5
^L-y-Vl jj> jJOaJli c J-^p 01 — jl (he reasoned) J>3 JiJ . Jz ^.aS\ cJ jJl IJLa
4j JL^_J| La Olj j-®Ml ^j3 La J5 01 OJ j^-j*“l jj-v^L^il ^ jJl * — .^^JaJl
.l^JlP JJ^ jj?- OlS" JL3 ‘UvAj jA
<j U 5 |*_i_*_j (J^j-A-ll J-P J3 l^-> ^-^- | ^ il • 4-jj)-^La J - ^ - 0 > jj ^11 0L5^ -LiJ
0»lj^wjdl i^liJu 00 J ^iJJ 1 Jj-0 t oJ^fcjdkl Jp Jjxll Oalil ^3 l j? 1 lfl.-a OjL%vjMl SaL^JI
.^jvijLwJl ^j^-Jl j^L^a \a ol^ “0 OL 1 ^j>- 1 ^I50j .^^J^O-Ollj 8 jP ^~ Jl UU1 Lwj
^ j~> j^j l jJi 11 ^-j LoJip oljj>od.l <-Jl3jj ^ U- j>- ^1 ^lj
^1 00-9 . ^j j*/3 ll j^-0. d-_jlS^ LojI A3_^liL-l J^pliil tOLO 00 .tiXlil
*)j aUI jjJJLa-) OLS* j-iJ ,<J jjkjia ^1 Ju>j J j>- Ja.io 01 /^OJ.1 ^jA j_^j \ t <Cwa w’^lSj 01 OlO"
aJLS^j j +p €- J-^ jfi\ ^_-w*-0^3 jA aiS 0_^ t j^a.01 ^3 o ^ a!» 1 Olj-^r 01 ^J L^
^JaII 0^—> j\jmi\ UJLta 4Jj-La ^ jl^-k^l JAj }. j ^ -3 .Ia j^Ji-i 01 LO l 4 JL 0 J
£ j^j-LaJl ^jp"^3 Lo-li-a t O’H jI __^ 0l JS" 0_^r e -^’ ^ O*^”
jAj t(Duc de Chatillon) 0 j^h’OO J-Sa !>Lrj OU dii-LS'j c (St. Paul)
PjJ C L^tAjLp 1^-3 j_J> 1 Jj-waj Lg-ajJ Lr" 1 -^-Ij 1"^° (3j^
■ 0 • a 4A L*J OwL)»Lp 1 <UvJ oJli? 4jloli»-
oO_ji-.l ^3 IjLajJ ^jj_) LjjJl J-^P L.J ^3 Oj '. g S' ^j_a J-^-OjI ^-0 *01 l la >-^Qo
— .wi^Lflj^dl oJl^J S^LgJi UVjA ^O'l ^j-J] t ( j-*djO \*j ^4*^ ti-^bMlj
163
XsjlPJ' 4_*_^JaJl ji 4JLLia^»Jl 4 _JL>tO— <y^-i jtJ Oj <■ J l \s>
L OJ-O 1 ^jb j_>- ^3 I.)-®
.UlS <J* Jb
a-sl^ JJ l l) jS /jj* LOLLIijI bj Lp^ b>-Lixz^*i' b ^So
La ^Jbob t ijjiij oji LgJ j^SLj oi ioLwj^l
LJLa Ji (Philippi) ^-L^Li i5 ^s- L&jL_b) jo>_p UJ jL5
I 4 J obtgJj' <Ji^A £?*->- o' J-^oJ t(Pharsalia)
j L. /J a I tjl t jj i a jZjcXs jjLJ'j 0 jJjJl t CO^/bJl Jb ^3
j-$ L>-^ c^jbaslj-ij j c (Port-Royal) JLljj jj-j JL>-j ^-Lp j 1 «dl -X^J
w* ^ ^ £ P'
oJLoL>- < J_P C-Jwj£ oj^od <o( g jJl p_£_lS JL<i-9 t «iJLJ3 ^aojj *®. J-^-'**’ 4 Clo
b AiJj .*u.o>e-*Jl a^pLcS - ^ 0 j_*UaJl Aj'd>- !a^>- (j^AJl j , il (Pascal) (Jlix^L
La (J-^o Lg_;*_coj Sjo>e-*il ai^ jLJ^-1 iJLIjj jj-J jj § -d ' ^5 (Racme) iLcr-^J l?
<LaLp ^_aj *LJp'iMj ^rWww^AoaJl ^\_a J 0 L-&I jj! ^j-a wLiL>- LgJ Lg-*-^ ^^Jl ^J-jN jJl ^J_a <J
^y> o^o>c_*il oJ-& 0-*-L .XiJj ,i^LL. lJ j ^^*31 j^-Lil CIoLiiJl ,^y> ^ ^ Lhj ^*2> L>e_Ji N 1
La t (Tournay) ^LjjjJ ^4-^-* < w?LL_j j t j-SLaJlj k— oVl oNL>-j ^j-a j-JlxJI jj^p
45LL) U1 . (Free-Thinkers) ^5liJl sIpoj ^ L^Iju^cl^I 0 Lp ^-g-L^
^LLl l ^ ..)g OwL^jl jJjj c JLJjj j^j <p L?* ^J_p o Ji_jd oulSj t ajL^jJL L^-j
-Xa (^jLLl p- id* jU (. jL^l>-Lj /^ai Jtij ^Lj< 3 C oJ^ejdl
a^»X|^ O^” Lf ll AjjI jJ 'Ll ^ L? ^ wii-L«
|» ./g/L I Ijl lLL^ jsS' ^jja l^J 1 AS-^J>- j-a^i ijLS^ ^-L& ol joL-1 ^ya (j *->
j-s/23 jjp»dalwJ L^ojJ^N Lai #( ^jLL>dl tP-1-LJiNl 0_j^L>til
Jjbo /yt> L^-*Jws* 2? (j 1 jj\S dj*^l 1 >ts-pl L<k-5 to j- y z A - \ jl jl t 0 .La t J-L« ^ -Xj
viTL LipLi^^jl ^ y Lu» cl-jLS" La Laj . ^5^-il ^1 L? L®> j+s- /^a ^.JlSvJIj »jio!-io>-Vl adft EjL^-lJ
J^SLJj t(Arnaud) ^jlj t(Racine) L/r^'jJ ••(Pascal) JL$L-L pLw' pLwNI
<-jS\ jJo>-1 ^3 o^>e_*11 Ij-XCo jl ( jjl aj\ 1jAj>- jJ a-Lo^Ls- IjJLS^ j} p g ;SLlj ? (Nicole)
wXi OjojtAll diL t ^ ^-.. ■o ^_*J l^iS” t ^ g ^ J-aLS" j^3 Oj-0
^j^Jl AX-a ^JJl ^aill il j-ijl ^_a <LXjL > A-^a-LLa 4^ ^-Jo ^w-^-L ^L*J <i£
.^cJ| . • ^J-flil
164
n e- t-
<JS Jj (Pompeian) ^ jl^ajl jl (Caesar) _ r ^.i
OLS' 4 A^jL^xJ ^_*^2jJl Jt— gJwC JlS i +**>,,'+,) tl)l Ij ^jl
^jc^j ^ ^ ft * « j J-v^jlSI ^^JLp jJLi, jl jUjJl IJla (J
iljlj jL ^1 l g *. C* jj>-l lLU^^
V^'j lS' j' ^(Bede) Jlu jl (Mariana) ULjLo U LfLi ^Jl dJJUj
*^3>
■*> >
L ydl oLuJl jl~> <ujjJI ( j* £L»^L>iJl J-oJOtj La-ilj
j\ C 4_vw4j ^J_«JLi jl 4 -XJjLc- jl eJ_Li Lj tL^_bU jj-kl
t ^Svij ,<tv*_JaJl jl (JlSjij/l ^J5w> jjlj jSljJ t _j-']l
( j^ U jl U*J jl “OLvkj i^j>-Lv3 j^Jaj (jl {jA * j-«JJ (_£ji-l < '-o- ) J- 4 *
o j^iSGl oL j jisL>«^JI &JSs- j j^j M (_$JiJl IS j/°j
c j^*s ^Ul ^j-a (J^j I-IXjI Lo IS! jl ? jJl jj jJI I j-A
fi f f. c-
lSb>- J-2 -Jjj Lp j^i*j ^ 1 JL>Jl j t.. tfi .^>ll oUsj Oj>J
^yJl -Lo_*_j jl ^ y-jr>~ -y^r* 1 (jAJl IS t j*-Aj-Jl ^
?o 4^*'Jui«Jl d. . /-> all e Jus J 1 " 0 (_j5 l^J -A AS*jj Jl olDUt-oJl
t JjiL& ^j]\ (Jjj>cXZ 3 v. - jJ> oljl j-jj! JjI j!
t» «• T* i* c-
avidum genus _Jl jl .Lojj >1.. ^_:.1NI jJJJU aJljLJ Sl_^Jl jN
^ g— j!ST (jjj-i C> ^ 5 -J-p j»_a j-jJlI' _^-i-Jl ( _ r — jl] auricularum
jjjjLgJLtJ jj-fl-^-Llj t^v-AjI— A>l A_^aj»-LjJl 4_P-L«Jl j) 4 C jj) a g
.»^»a>c*Jl ^jiJ L» l \S
LgJ>t_v2-2 jjj jj 4jwajjM J.5 ^j J-W-Jlil |j_#> ^ ,V>
<» c.
jj* o j4^l Lg-^> jjS’l jji pSj ?j_^JI ^ LgJUajlj
?jLv»«jlj JLk^jl! ^j3 4-.1 3A~u rt_l
165
* * 0 m 0
l j-AlJaJi J»a=- <jL£ 4 t oLjIj^J! bJl& J_La o>-1L&j La lili
> e>
Lj-Up AlL»-t>LJlj <>y>x^\ aAp L*J Uij ij>^ 4 l >^o\j
La> LI^jI . /j - • »...< iaJl A_>-l.)_«Jl (_^IwLw»j o jjkliaJl cili_>
cr^'y
V 15 J^JLj 4 yyJaJl _ r *^ciJl IJLa JJLa ^
?^kJl
^ jt-Aj 0-^ ^jjl j-j-LI (1)1 ^Jj (_jJ i?-b- n
. A»3 0»*ij Lgjl JUj <jl£Jl 4A_c4?l>- __jl Alla A j15L>-
Aj 15L>J1 (jj5L LaJuP ^>i5s j ctU-i j^f-Sf j*oj/l (jjj
Loo t <LcSL>ooiJ 1 o Lj?-3 AJlufc ^I>iS 4 (Jo li L-oL I jv^i L> 1 -X^aj
y^oJ y> o ^*>- ^ ...ci! o jJj>cj Lo l^L^ c y^osi\j aJjJIj i ^LUl
W Jj>- (jjJj JiL jll ^ScJj .£j 15 jJl OXs-l UaisJl i y£ AAJb>Ll
4 oJjLpL (JXof - J jL?x-jJl ^2 AjjL>tJl AoLj-laJt A_^S iJjXoJLC-1 La
jl (*_ jL>Jl I.L®> ya ^oUJl *1 Jjs! dJU-i JlS y yZ > I La LI Lo_~a*^J
.iili
(jl 4 AXaLJl (jLoj/l AjIJls- (_$jJ tojLp aLoJL*J|j aLoSoJl ^JLkjj
X*j Ij^l jl La LL5 i^v-gxLpj ^*-£aLjjI Jj>iJXo jl y> j-iSL J^l j- 4 ^!
p >
0\S t^t-^jlj ry>r.~*?j J J^LsLkJl A~Jo ^Lp Lv 2 ^>- APX>H ^E- sAS dlJ-J
^L>o jj ^^ill (JoLL^-jJlj (jjLij^JI c ilSj 4 cjli Jjj L^jp-Lo (jlj j/1
.^IjJl ( j-*aLS’ (JXJO Jli 4 y j/ 1 Aii>-
4 >c-> ll cjj — 1 — 1 j/1^ A_P^Jl J^SLcaJ ( ^_a *>U
aJLS’ Laji 4^Jl5 4 c -L&j ! olj jJl ^ys- y> Lgj>-1
* s *
,^UJl ^43 I jJS l$Ju o^UJl 4 UjIp lj+. saJI JiU jlS*
pljjl {£^ ^-Lp <Jl aJ_<»^>cJIjj
.JyJcAji jA ^Jl_ o^Sjj!
166
LaJJLrj Jjis l JJjJl jA C-JLjl L^jI lw® j^sl jJ Lol j ^ la_i
l U.JU51; Jli ^Jl OtiljJl 0«_»Ja ( j^a JjjLJLa jj>-\ J^-J.5
oJjfc jjj .4-oL~JNl 4jU jJI ^yiajL i ^ylil IaJLs- j 4j
^y lo -9 l <L* » « l a l l Jl ^jJLaJaj 0_L *->c-J i_5^ ^ j « ; P 1 <L)jJ>wJl
ijl *Vl 4 _Lo_*j f- LJ y^->, |*J t <0 0 OLlj^aJl 01-L* ^y9jL*J
c illi jl i .L>Jl Ijla ^j}\ t L» Uj (j^S-x-) (jlj t viJJj ^yA o-La ^jJaj
^JUI IjlwJJ LiAa aj\ VJ . ^ jJaJl aAl^p ^.4 ^JLj Lo ^a 1 $ A^b
l oUOjJl .J^" jl g X ' Li t jiaJl <ul_o^ OLi t bw&Lft alJ
4 joL*J| aJlpLiJl ^*_o 2 j 01 LJ c) La-a aliJl 0 ^^ La-iJ
^Lf- <U jy La a^jiJl ^jA £-0j 01 £0Lw*jl a^L^-Ji jjJJLoj ol
,^XO ^Uaj iS^ Lpj L*>LA I^L*j>c 3 t o
IxaLa L^-S"j ! ^iJl ojISI 1 Aia^-^L* ^JL d)l
^<Lp jy* (1)1 AlAl AjI (J^sl L»jllp
AjL <A?~L> ^0 t ^il ^Jl ctlj^ .La ^Uil! L*LA LjJbc>t ^3
(3j jl olj>c^-oJl ^0 4 -oj o>£j bl
L^jj aj! t ^jA a-Ap cJjCwwj ol ^7^ A^s.Aa-Ll
UJ a1ljL>- La ^ A* H oU-A ot oLS*
a^%JV! ^b 5 A! “"^S <1)1 yzJc S ji dllJA . ^_> ^LUl
p-"^" ^ 1600 aI-wmJ j^Lij / ^ jLiJl b ^ jLS^ o^-p ^a ajI-Xj aJI
j-»I La (jl ^XaAj AbA^J OaXo J^IS*
„ * *
01 j i^jxbJl j L0- j 0 j 3 ^ a-iL*JLJ JjUJl OjJL>J 1 IjLa
0-uiL>-l ^ j » a LJ 0 _J-Lol>i_i 4 ^^>-')l I O'-lLJ' ^y 0 i!L>-^Jl
> •■>; ! ' Or*^ Ij^^asLo Nj 4 -J 'jj- 5 0^ Ij-*
01 ^a N-Aj ys.Aj l^jl (_^Lf- I^LjiXj 01 t L> z i-xiOLaJ <01
L^p ajj Lv? *^3 ^1 ^jLm^^II . »->* I^m^aj ol j c 1 ^ • 3 I^^^mwj
167
V* w
t oL; Jjj L^JiLwv^j 4jCwJaJi J I oj
oJlA ^- >e - J 4_>rJL> IgJ J-Lj 0 (jj ^JLP*“ C
k^liJu o~»L5' L« l^J <oL^_*iJl k_3 j -*-* JJ>-Jlj Lwl 4 _j jL^sJ I
.o J j^J l-b>- oJXa~a e •>' g ■ -ll
1 1 ^xJu>o! o J^L^x-> j^^J\ ^>t> ol j-XajJ
^jUj /^Uil (j^J^ o^P (_5^ '^~ 1 ^ a -19 LL~oljJl A^lLaJl <jl ^Jp (jJLlIj
<U./?.~a~ Lite t o J^<jJ l$J y> Ja l^lp I ^< 2 J><j Ji l&all]s>l jlj C 1600
-Loj^c- 1 jJ oUJ^Jl jlj tLgj-Jj ^^a l yj> a_ilj-pNl
t -L. J^- ,j_» O j-Ji L^jJ^ J-A j-*-^ J_*_; l^Jlj t 4_£_La LgjJ^plj
J J-iN .’ <_£ J*j ol j-L-< j-> *AiJ I ^xb»uj C^-a-SsJ>-j 0-*a>- yUali
; ^-LX^-Uj A3 4 _^j ^_ i-ll ^_3j ^ 1^ Jl oJ_& j3 1 */?—) j Lj >w3l ^A-P^Vl ^j-a
aiLil ^J . 0 Ja^s-**aJ 1 CA Ap"jl 1 AA Jia ^Jl -la3 J*_al /jJ ^JlSj J
^X-ll (_£ jJ>-^l 4_w«j_a_*Jl jX>lAp*-Sn jAAj ^3 Nj t ^j-Pj_aJl L^_jj-A ^3
J 4-jlj toJ^>5_*_oJl ^1 jAj>sJ| jib j*_Pj j*-£-'^2-*-> j| -isJia (Jj3l_~u .4A*~>
( j-a AjLi i. IjAP l jjp ^ J— ^ jA*JAu *-0 j jl jJ\-a-aJl ( j-a jib Nj £-Aj
t J~J-»aJ| lAA jAa aJ ^1 ^3 JL*J| AiaJL*_a ijL>c_oJl jj-a J
fr > >
JLi L« j»Ia*j! Ju ^a . L^jIj 4jLl«_ 5 Qy.g..«- '1 a5sJl«J| ^LL <L«^So | xi
JLi <iij3 ^1 '■ la ! )jL*> JaLa ( jj> oJjLaJl J^-a
J^a La^ jj-abJI ^5la (j L i^_^»-L^ ^aj
s^ijb-Mi j«>! 61 ^UipNi Ji jj! ^ij liijlji y^ijiJi
|j_& , |jLa-i J^iJl ^J| ^-~a O aiJJ^ J*-® ^jIXj La-il
. Ja.1 1 jj-al ^ aI JjU/ 2-51 (_3 ^iJl
jU t Jj wL>- (_5^;9 ^Uij (_^ I jjl v^~ J 0jj>t_^aJl ojji
0
J_w_aJI IjwA ^_a <U5_^>c_ J vo O^l— iL^_>tj l—a^3 l^_PA»?tjl l-a Js> ^-A-l ^-aUJl
a^sL5j t4jaJlA^>Jl J^ A^l^ eJjsmjt^Jl aiUb [ajL$C?-]
168
Ju t .1 a a ■ ) La j15L>I ^^Lp 4-! jL>
4_Jl > i ^jJl jl .,^a>ti -Xj ' jj* j_jju LajL$L)| ^Lp
N jl-CLpj/l 1J_A jlj t jjJlSJI JyL^Jl c jL»Jl eJlA (. ^-A S^j>c_*_oJl
!u_a C->LL^> jl Ll^SLo-> N j»bb 4 ^lLojI wL 3 L^JLojip-l j_ij_i
<=L* * jg 1 i ^ jS^A ^3 nj Lft *,<£- x>- 1 L* «- t i ^>cj j/ j 4_lL*3l ^1 ^-oJl
*■
^Lp 4 ^^?L^J| 4ja^>-^La ^Jl bj*>t_a j j La ^_A^J .(_£^L*Jl
l j-ol (_j jA- oL/ L»o ^-uLJl obl^La Aj&JL>,jl cjL/ L>- 4jjLiL
* e. fr
L« Sj .LiLSLaJj '^Lwj>-I ^Lbl l.g -ii <. oljj>t^_4JLi ot^JaJl
Jl ^^p ^IDl bl g .* Ajt^A>J) (_» jJ>- >j^)j/L>- coils'
I jZS ut« .,a) jl jXb j.Lj jli 4 (_£ y>-\ Ajolj (_£l L^Ls
p •* p p p
J-A Lp J I ^Lp L-~wAj 1 ^ L) I ^yLp L-L«A>tJ jlj 4 J *bl I 0 ^jA
.U <xxXjy> L»^-a I — Lj I LaLjliI La j~*-> j/l
o j_A t ^ r -w*-j Jli jJ (Lord Bacon) jj_SjjL> ij jJLSl jl j-L^jj
jl ^j-oJ>*lA ^jJu Lj <jb j jJL J j-g-S 4<Jj/-L^jjl
oU ob*y jJl JJLi jl £J Jl JiLJ ^U
.ajc^Jsj! ^3 oL*JJ (_?jL>-j j^Lj JuJ-?- JSj jL<ajj>-L ^1 t ajjL>JI
N *Lal^ ■/? llj 4jl_><_) jyJo jl jA^l lj_A jl j/|
j^>~ ^\ jl _ /r jL jl ( _ 5 -L r L> 4Jli t L5L3I (J j-* j .Li~L»Jl ^ JL*jcJ
^.a 4 (Livy) ^>i j . L... i ^ < ^ - y* ^-^a?LL-
-C-P 0 Jj>c_J jl ^Jji-SLo—) La 3"^ 4 4.^. ^ t 6
jl ^ ^ 1 - a ^ JcZ wLLP I 4 ' < 1? 1 1 a- 1 ■. f> .w. j 1 ^al L ^
.(( 4il ^3hcJl_J j^_A jJl ^3 L^J utils' L' A^f-j td»iLa*!>Lp L»4-«4>- .-y ^J
l_Jb LaLa ^1 JN-LUaj/l LLjJaj LLx>) ^bjS/
Nov. Org. lib. ii. aph. 29.
169
^jj 4_)U J-ll I ^*.<3 3 ^3 J_^2 _j Jli L^jI iSj ^.So
Lgj j-./3-i IjJ^p c Lgjlu.pl jii l^-J-p
.JjLaJI ^i-P ^ l)Loj^I ^^JLp 4^<*jl_3 UuLo jl .^L_OII
0- L*_a C^~J 4 Jj>x-aJ Lg_4tA*2J>»J jl Jj-fl^wJl JajtJl ^yJl LgJ j-*-Z J
wU^_^-J_2 c ^jiSl jJJ^ UJ <JL?" LgJJj>c-xJ
‘UZj j/ .4_>lj^jl L^JP O’ ^~P-I i_5^^ O I I jJ-L ^apxjL) ^Jl
L^J*a a-b>sJ lo ^Jip lu...a.’’i! j ,,^ a*. L s <. £s-w~~aJI ^_>«_Jl IJL* Jla
(j3_j ^ XP ^Jl ftlj^sJl
* e. '
^jjj»j <UwJ Uj Laj^j i. jl >_J '^Jl 4 a1S Uj j/
Vw-.^U UJ 4^o jj Ull£ jl NjI lil IlJuP . la - <jJ
* (, 0 0 p
jlS^ j-lta jl IAp ^‘j i L»L>- jlS < '~*^ t JaL>-
«. oJjjpo ojl_gji> Jjl <WP*AJ l j^iSLi I^jj^j ^Jl jj|»l>-Vl “^-* J
^j-p <Lal ^JS l g 1 aLuj <ljI jJ-^i\ oljlj^Jl jiJj ^y> jJii < '->|j
* p p
t. ol J^ocaJlj (Jjl _pJL> l!Lla oUj^-j i >j£Jt iJlA Ul j3 ^Xaj .Lg-Lstfl
^jp LaL»J 4-jL^j^n A.*.... la.Uj j*JUU (JL?- jjp Uj^3xj j-g-9
jLJNl jap jp tJUJl oJia jp LrJaJi. ~M J Ldj ^p U^j^j ! Jl
al^>- pJL*Jl iit>L«i (j-p’j c^Lp i— 'jLi Jlia-A.^1 (jj Jl
jl J t aL»-vJl ( j^> «U JL>-lj jLj-l a L»p jr^J t jlijiaJl
^^0 ^ i ^i 0 « P j-P J 4 <mp* pA 3— ) a-L-j I ^ j I ^1^31
^ylp o aXj £-./3i jl ^jl *(jjl i_^>«-il 1^ *— •>
1— >l^Jl I (J^° j^ 1 |4 jj t L$“^~ jJ-*i jl_J l
M ^ ^ p
Lo J5 i jL>tP^j Ls>tP t ^J*L° ^jJl
U ^ LaL ^1
o^v-5lJ->cj L)i Cj^ oLlJw^ Uj i)\
170
L»j t 4 _JL*ap-- oUj^Ul Jl 5 jli ^-*-sj .oU jJJl
J-^J & ur^ W-! JT** ^ u^i. -^ 3 ^
(i) LS3 tj^ij^-'yi j-. £U*woj LjJu (1)1 4-> *L* ....lall
(ji la 1 . *> ^1 A^-jJl aJLwmj ^Jlp < L>«^- ©p^--j ^~L>tJL^o (jl C-— *_*Jl
ll)l ^SSJL^j (1)1 4-Lw>xJl ^^3 Ijj^-O-J O^J>cj .fr U JJl ,^-wOlj
L»j1j ^ Jai3 L^jLIJj Lj-^-L^aj j>J <u>c^-^.<>Jl iiL-iJl
.iy>^> djz <y> jp 1^-5 J -, Aj (1)1 'y [aJL^] (_5^i
> j <* „
<1)UjNI ,y a J5j • j_^2j IxpLJ^/ LslS" L>r *J oJl >-j ( J-Sa 31 d)J
* .JjSj sJ>*^o i ^Jfl a'.j *y 4jl_j? ^ j .,<9. 1
Jui^l Ijj^l JL3 i*j j> 4.1 a»ij 1 4jjio J5" 4 _JLp
,4jj>cJlj ol*Jll i^asL^o
171
[>* 2ulic [__j] JjuaJl Jj^v
2Uj( t-j]i
oUjliJI Ajl jjb aJ ^a o AjjVl OolS" JjsJ
JL>- (^L ^ £_£^L-<dl i \J* 4jLoJ>- L^3 Aj^L>c-o l <Ls^J^Jl
lj I J t (Jj).,/?dU 0 J^U“ ^J>Ljl ciUb 6 J& jl Ajtl UJ AjI VI .l^Lil jl
IJub \i-> jS^- ^xJl c-’W-^L^<Vl aA^vJ-*^ ajI j-aI! LgJ (jjSV
Xj-a ^ « J gJ Xwu 1 La ^Lp L^i*- L*~X-1«-a 1 *A^pL*~£ L ^yjlj> tjAl
•LSj 1 -^' LfJ’^l <j>- tiilil
/^a AjL- *A_AU l)LS" L<>j ^jlj^pl J^-P 0jL_*JLi UjLol>c-a iXX’ljXu! -XfiJ
O’! jLjLa VI ^S (_J j_S i. t J 1? «J O-jLS LoJ l g-il J_i ^-Ajl -A-*_^Jl
JV-j- ^JSOjJ La_)l C-JL5 J tA_Lal5\Jl A-j^-JJiJI jLjLa! l(_£^J>-Vl
/jisj^aj ijLaj La-LI jJ> OLJ jJLs (. «•!
«* w c- »* f. >
V t 1 ]?1? .a L^j^L^a JLil cljul ^*J>5 C^aLwXJlj Aj j > JJ
t Aaj|j,A^JI J»LSlp>-Vl oUj-La Vj t J LaA^tJ 1 1 ^ k— *»*l wLjL^L«^-J !
(Protagoras) ^*>1 *L£wjL3
M ** P <■ ** “*
^jjlil! ^3 LLU c^>L-ojI Lo^>- ^L*J ^£-Ul
■9- f,
Li J *,/?■ P 0_/oJJLo»Jl 4«o jJl 0 ( J^0 4_1 _LoI jV-jwLiJl
173
4«£0 ^3 4j O-dJJL) ^3 j^JLol ^X>lp JJjJlS 4 Lfcl jO^j
IjjJUij ul ^ $ \ < n^ 1 ~iS ^jJs-^j jl J-j
4JLjJ1 Jl 3 I 4 £*_>wOo-)i 1 ^■* 4 ^j£-> <• 4-*J
ol jj >- 1 Jj ^jj\j"j]\j cjIjIj^L ^ j_<»_*Jl p_pjJl jl L<»_S’ .4_ojLaJl
o JjL^I ^Jip 4 Lojj o ji^UI ( j^o jji>l j~«l ^jloJL
^3 4jL wXdi J 4j ^Ua^s <Oul*-Ji oJ-ft o*jL£ .4^jLwv»Xi5l ^ ^r 4
^^->- 4 L^jl lj j 0 J J- 4 ^ Lo vjJJ03 4 L^jL*-wU
JO I j ( jJL*l 0j-^-> L^jt ^3 jJo Ol ^-SLx>_) C**> 4 ^w2iJ>xJi 0-3 jJ 1 ^3
>*
l» AaJlOj jLojjl oULU 0 ^ LojI tl 2j£-
jU^-MI ^Ajj lf|
.e^jUa^Jlj
Lj| j- ol j-*j 'lLJUJI Juc^ ol ji jXi»^p| L»J|j Jli
A2P J^jjv 1 j? <ulj <• * yd ^*0*^ j~-Jl Cj*" £*•“■! ^ J-Lu
A<..,^<J| <U jS ^y> j-gSjjJ (_^JkJl Ojy>d\ 0-«jI!l li-^5 t^_oj|lj jj^L*Jl
0^*_«2J| Astjl (__£ jJl LgJ-«ljwO AaJL>i J l j-A Lo-jl l A j L w . L flJJ A^Js> L?xJl
l_jjlj_pl Jjl ^y-^i A— 1-4-jlj AjjJlj ./S-/3 /j_a ..r? V " 9 aJ I_jJ_~L?-
|»^-Jl ^-A^ t 4jjl jJajJl A I j^ j 3 • L$-a
ALajI jS\ jj ^9 ^J- *j£ jl j / J ^^>eZj jl i Ajj Ls^P OjljA^-Lj^ d->Lp^-sA?^a
0 j&3 ^^wjjSf Ijjj-^i9 t 1 ^>L<J l _^y J l ^lill jl^ LowUP t jt-JL*Jl
^a A~jJuL*J| a~j2 U»=j I^j-LSj t ^jJ_U
^jJl L^X« AjJ^Laj a^JLS’ i»1jLp y& j jl ^J| ^jl iJIaLsI ^ j>-
jljjj/l AtJJ C-J^-wJ UJj i aJ^I> 5_« jl ^U»w>- oLc-j-j>j^i j j£j jl
j*_ jIjL^j AjjoojLaJl Aa. 1 'b \ (_jJJl jljjjfl 1 1^1 (Jj*Vl
Luciani ounn. r| AaniGai.
Luciani eovou%o<;
Luciani and Dio.
( 1 )
( 2 )
( 3 )
174
wLo Lp L J-jo t <l)^^A*-oJl ^LjUo (. oUj Jj>J|
*L>^L>Jij pLoJjJI JS tiJLvJ^/l jv-^LiJ ^Ip Igjc* \ j~J*\ Jj j
. 0 0 j^l*Jl LgJj ‘o-LJI
1* ft
*>Lj t 4 _^i L->~J I UJ cLLI ^yJ <c^LS j c — Lgi
— ^ ft ^ ^^ft^ft
*ljNl c^->jJLc-u Al <c^^j L-^U (jt lj«il dULo
^j-^rjJl j-^jJ (Epicurus) jj-i^t *ljT J^°
<uiUJl J?Ljj c^LicoJl Jlj^-lj ijbj«Jl JjL! JJ L>w ^5oJ j
^aJl>troJU^ j j i ll 0 ^1, - - ---^' l*A-gj <L*_a Lw*
jJu<aj V oUjLaJI oJla j! <_i ^ pI tAjli ^y-js-Lvtf > U>- La
0^ J> ‘j^J L5^ u J-** ir* ir° /A> til ^ Nj 0,1
^ ft
(_£ j-^Jl ^j-P LAA d->LJLj Lo-j1^ c <uL**AjLL) 5 j */3 -o )1 £&jLiAI 4Jw>L*_o
ol? jJ cJ-a 3 cLLta JjuI jJ liLo j j*5v>Jl j
iJ t y j' ^ ti' <>* (*-fr*'
jl ^Ap <Aj C 4 ALsA 3 ^slj-J (jl 4j^ojj[l ALIj
JbS I jJl^l>- 1 ^AJl <u j-s^J>- j^Ao ^uii jji ^1 p a^sL) oLJi £_£3l~o
, Ai>tJ <W^ jp 4A*J>~ ^3
Ij_a JJ^o <AAl>LU_>- c— j j^- 1 Al (^>1 cJ-ajj
t Ijwol ^pLp jJ jl J J I* < Cua3*“ t 4w— wfe-*J!
Ju i 4^>Lp L^j O^A Jl 3 o J 4iyJ! AJo wUkJ I a A a 0 1 A l^j
Jjj^U ^j^yLaj d)l t LA^vwL L j_vc?L)-p
'J j)j .(Jl>tJl ajj% ^ji I Oj^j j-«Nl oj, i — ^l^-li
tUJI JJ-jJ-<l->- ^yj t^JjwS jij l Jjiol l ^~ A> '— '
175
Nj i e-lvi-Jl JjjiJl oL>u A^o J_yi^o-; LUai-- LLIp
. AjL^Jw ^ A~>-
.c~^3 ^xsl L j 1 LI t L»~o-
0I3 L ,*iv*^->- ^»L! jj-;*^ 0 lgj| L La ^Jl c-~«-ti -Lai
JJLa-M
4 f> j », /? > b' 0 ""’"’
* in w _ P P_. **
jl .^JjuiLo ^-pj j^-j^Ia ^JLL>5^ £_« LLL*jl« o! J (j-* La> jp
^g-jLJ JjL^o j- ;>t - j aa*- jJ oI jJl ^-x-jLj (_5-^Jl jv-^LiNjlJ-a
^Jj. LLJ-L p] V- - i j-P ^-9 4 APj-<kPs_o-!| A_*_£j!_«j 4 AaL*J! 4_>s_L*A^>J I
L«-JJ ( j£}j 4 A_*jl^Jl kjA^_PrJl oLa Lb • A-wll J jg l.ll “LL-v-LaSI k^J jJP_>
^ajI LglSCjj ^-S-Up 1 — aJT ( _ j a jJL-LLa 0 b 0 ^-’i L a^JL*JI
b"^L^j .jJ^g-Jl iJlA £-L«! <1)1 1^5^' ^ L aX^aJl J.X3 ^jl
L> (_£j_a ^3 jgA . 9 UJlj .LAj_oJJj j*_!| J-*Jl ^3 LaLa
<jl L LU t LiLJl WuaJL JjLvwoJI oLa ( J^>
4 «La ^5L>eJl ^pol ^oJLp_xLl ^3 |>— L* Ll *■— -”L j . -kp 1 $jL
( J-SL> 1 14 . i ^y3j>ajc J t LJ j_v 2 a (_£.!!“ 1 ^ xpL.* L j_*_p jj <j! tbb
^jp 4 CLsjJl — s_A_j kii-L t £-3jNl aJL^-oJI ^jp t ■Aj^kjLoJp
,l$i£ AjLJLJI io^lal aJL~J1
k ~A-La 'j/j -XJ-Aj |v_£ALAj 'i/ ^fj
JJI
jJl Ai^>“>Li!l jl
tl)L_«Jl j J A 1 ia > (a-^p! ^^P- aJL^I ^JJl k_ ■ A-\_xL I jJ&j') 5L)LwAj
^lp ^,-Li AaLI jv-g-^-9Ls> jJki 4 JjSr^JLkJl fj J^OJi J
w ft c<
t (jl ^y* Ls^^-P C diJ-iu **
p p '
^Jl_«J| jljJ'yi Oj-o-^j y ^y2j J>- ^Ji>cj ^ L^_J^j
JLpJl jUa J s yi 1 »La (J - *' 13 OLS” l)J l) j»-> t jJ <0LoJ>“J
Iaj>«J! oLS” j ^ toljjJJ iiwL^ ^j-P j d „/? -j jl - J^
.<Jw^Ij /^p L^iSo o! cjIj jj\ Lo 0 ^ jb_ij
176
W t- t- w c- „ » ♦
L Lg_>L pJu^*»Lv^ Ju ,4j>«->cJl oJ-A ^jS'
jl ^S' J^Jju*j/l \X& l y* p ^ jl
aL-^LLJI L^xxp t c ^»L-jl ^Xp LjI ^IL aJL*w<>JI
4 £*Jj>c^Jl ^j/^jil N ^oL ^ LL <Jl j-^lj C*^- 5 jj-S^ oil
4 p-fJ J^] 4 ^jpLoj £3^1 L->lj
. JuaaJ-vvJj (jjig«o j%-^ jL LJ 4 Lgjjb^j I jiy^Ki jl
^1 A^vmJ ^J l 4^>xJ>tJl jl 4 I L^jI l*d 4 p— )j j-^l
4_>t^- 4 (IAjI A-^-3 L-LL aJ jJ*\ jJbj') ^^Jl ^-i_P 6— X-w>“^Jl I
Lo AjUJIj LLLjl oljUl ( jj* <U3 laj ^ jJl A*-LaJl ^Uaj oi>l
ioLoJl Oji jl 4 aJ Lwwu 43 JL 2 JI \ jJl*J>L jl I jl ^Jlp
cJj2j 4»>tJ>“ oJ-A jL j ^JLo .If] ^Jl f-L^-*Jl
Aj] 4jI j 4 ^^w2-<jl ^Llsu Ckw^j-^J^I ^3| ^j-^lj-^l
; -L>j| I j_& ^ Jfr**^** ,M> jvJ jli 4 ^Ls^3l ^3 ^ Jjj ^j£> ji' <Uw j!5
L~o *x*_>I ^J ip apt-jlxII A^liij j^p«Xj ^
» , ivJ j I . ^%-Sj Loj-K^o dJLL .4_*_wJslJI ^_fcl aJ^JL>c-^
. 1^>xjLo
p f- *J
jl 4 Lo J {jA j+/zixJ> <^~JJ (Jj I Lo-U-P L^^b 4 jU
^o A^jjS" ^1 tw^vJl ^J| jl U j^pxj N J 4 L^Uj Lo-g-Xo
^Lij^/ Ajj_>tjJl a_^“ ^ * 10 Lo-p ^Ij Lo ^3 LL-LLl
jl jLf - d^L_9^l j - jp ^jd jlj^j-oJI JLL ^-1x^.3 . j^-*_LLl
Ll-L (3 j_Aj ^j-LNI aL_$L!I ^3 ^_j>-I^Jl jjjJl jl (J-lJL^o
*C^3 ^ j_aj L'l ^_i_P IJbl LL ^ JLj ^ LLJ J 4 jJL*Jl oL^j^I
^ ^ p
Lais' ^J^pLi<J! (J jj'-A-* i_S*^ ^jJl j»J Ljj .a^ 2 j\
oLw?L>tJI ^j-o 4_J| wiwsj jl _«1 iw~^»Jl jSoj jl L>! L-^jJ c 4jl-L?-N
IjjJ^i aJ jl Lol J .J Jjujjjl ^>3 Li-sSJ L^b" aIa^ij L>
177
*>li c jj~\ Jl^pLL* L->1j_>-I ^yl_p ojjJ *0 c~-JL 01 j\ oL_mS’L>JI
cjI— usL?- j i 4 .x « _i jl J Lj^_«L*sjJ oLw*J! <jJLia_> 01 'yi L-xSLw
. jUaJ^u Mj 0 *V L^al l^L> C jISUsj
^ f, ^ in
oLS*! *1 ^ -o-* 1 c L> jL>- JJij Ijla ^. * v a > oj_j
w *» „ ^
<jlS L> IS} <,«.— oil oli i *)Lbw> ^Lslc- Luis’ olS ji cSX«L>- L»lj>- oLo
L jy iw^lS- (_^t Iju! <u3l Nl Lu>jJ c JaSs 0 jjlOoj L>j!
LxxSLou ^jii i <j j^-rfL>Ji i jw>-
c oi jv-J— j*y i ^ui
J*S*-\ ^ Lg_> 43 ^>*-i ^iXJL» 0^3 ^^j- 0 4jw«
OlS' 4jl uJ^aj (jt (Zeuxis) jJ 4j JJ ^ ^>s>> /ya
«* <• *
[w-=»«-j] ( _ s j a_p1_Lv? li LULi jLS Dl j t L^JLXg, a jl LjUJj <1 L!JlS
^SL LjX^«-J_J .(jl_}jS/l ^yj 4JLP l- ’ «- yg ^jS' J-iL> N ^L>-^J|_J = — U2_J 1
JJLJ) IJLa cJj-LIj j^>Jl (j-° ol LL» ^txxx^u 01 oUuJal
io*t> Lo ^ ju^Ai <. L»^SLL»j ois [<jl*w> ^JJl] OLjOI 01 lx«Lo!
Jjl l-L)l <U3 Jl>cJ tl_ALJL9ij <U_«e-^>Ls L_«_SL>-I Li lilj L J j-*_L»JJ
JjO jl ^3 jp (_^1 L>-LXXXu>I LJ 3-C-^Xj j\ L Jjl>rj A*v?L-
L> jlJLiii L« ajjL»i-a jjL>tJ 01 Ju'y cjLL^IStJI ddJ JLlo Oli i j-3-I
.A^p ^uasxjsj ^JJl Lj 1JL>-^/ L^~° <— ^Uaj
OjSOl L«jL< 3 OL t uiili (_s^ 4 0^-Lx IS|j
uiiJi «ulkJl ojJijl ^ LJlLoj l^Jl iLJUi *}L> c 4ujUaj jl
^ylp iXA jOl Ijjl Lx^aj *V axSnJ j .La jj) ^s Jslj (^iil
4_*JL_*JLj Jp^t-x x ^J 01 S/I jY-g-Ul tuiJJi jj-o Jl*_jI (j?l
^JjOl j^Jaj L J-L t <JN JJXAW*yij <(J>t>tJl ^jjt, J ^j£- Lo-^J \ Jsj yu
Lil . lIuI £ L.J \ uiLL J jjLt 01 LJ t uiu La La, 1 1 J<jl jL!
01 OJJ^ ^j-0 jiS\j ■ t jJ>\jZj\ j*Jr ^Li l 4^iLp>[ O Lftyg /j-^au>=J
178
<o_ajl oL$L«JI <>wo_i jj^j jl olS^ aJI ^j^>t-i
f- ^ ^ p. 1*
iwLLj ^jw<— t l. tf 1 1 <_ «LJw_l ^ «Ao 1 c 0
j_Aj t 0j_$Ul ^jJ> J_i_^U (1)1 l-Ljl \jJ J-X-) (j-J .A—Jl—iJl Jjl ■/? <3 11
JaJ Jl Ja-^j jf J ((^JJl ^Aj) (Jupiter) j^>.yr Jl tcjuidl
J-e-LLoJl jlSO c (_ il iJjJi ^y> ^jjl
l g « «»/«> 6*X*>txdl C^ljLjaJl jJJjo *Uj^J I ^L<w <U3 j*« L^>Aj>“ j ^^Svj j%J
t j jj*jL«J 1 ,j-o laii Jj-I.lj La_»j 11 43 jj *., a oJLS” UJ J . aJ^II ^J)
lJul ( y£»ji ^ 0^a*o t Jl La*-» Jb1>li
+XjJl>- U-mLwjI OjSij Jl j\ t A jIj ^1 ^Lp jl
— f-
• J-l I j!
( j^ jl iw~~ -* [IJ] 0_ji>cO3 t La ^aIjJs AjwiaJl J Oj -L >sj
(_5 -lJI 1 -Lg_* I—?- (1) ^-0.,-si ^, j ji-j .a_nJ^ -Li j»-^-il 0 ^-L^stJoj . Jc-Li
Nl j-° AjI j*-SoJg J_> 4 j*-£pLo 4j-P
jJl ^JL>eJl >A.^-*.t-oj I la pI U Sjj j*£>
jlj ^_>l jjiajj! JJL*Jl |j-A jl j t ^ 5 -*^ j-dJlj j -^JLj
jj^Aj cjr^ 1 1 *» g >1 j)l t L«Lo-> jULi>- L<k-A 4- w J a l l o^l^Vl
Lo 1 -Lp ‘^uw?L>- ^1 aJ| I^m*-vJjJ t ^*'L^I
Lg->l j t 1 i l j * I-P 4 -*-L >-j Aj Lp ^3 0 j-^-1? I Lo=^ j
'V j tSJ-aLlJl Ajc^JaJl ^aUsuj ^u* j^Sc^JT jl t A^-wu">LiJl
UL^gJ t aa*>jLjc!I jv-$oLsi>l^3L j-aUsu^JI oJj^ IjJi^jiJ jl Ij
* ^ ^ * H J^-^Vyag ^ I t— ^ Umo ! I cjwL-J p N ^ a J ? ) l lg . ■ <> J
L^-j I L ^ -^. j ^1 jL^j L^wiJwPj
jj-^l J C 9 jl j ^ 2 S* {j£> jjjJ->t^U3 t j j-Jws-> V I
j> 1^1 lil .^1 ^>-lj oLijIj t j aJLojJI JL>bJI
t Ajll^Jl j -A j J C aI^.I «m )lo jjl ^JuP* j ji'-b AA-w»>^V3 jJLS^
179
jbpSNl blJ.5 tjba_> Jjj>*Jlj i jt_§J M
t_s^i f • fr . ' ^j- 4 ' <_£*b-!l ^ • <jL**li t jLJl bJJ.> ( j~ r e-j
j-OljL»Jl ^_gJ £l13_j t4_gjS/l ^-Jbsr-a ,*_£li>olj tCjljL>_v»JI
P *< P P 4* ^ — p
L _ r l’ _r^ b^jl jl C-JLi>- Ji j! 1
ft ^ ^
Ji IjjjJ La isii ?*>L*-2 l^_L« ^_£-L La J jJ ^y>\ {jA
/jA cjL>-Ljjl^L ^LjJLj 4 ,JJL*Jl 4_ -Ji jA ^j-LLSL o»L>-jjJt I j-9 j
I J-l,/? P jJ jf g J ^J-P j-J 4 ^-jLwJ^I Jl J-*-P LLj I
<J J Ij^La I jJxo LI jt- ^ I LJ 4 JL->JI <u»x^>-L JJL*Jl jJJaJ
LI 4 ( J^^LLj| ^Jl s— jL — ^jA 4 p. g ^ Jj^J
jLJdl LfJ c-jLjL^-> lJ I o -J ^JLJI I -La <L*Jw£> ^j-u I
oLjLSLSI o-LgJ Ij~-w1j jl ^3 j*-gJ j ^ L I ^Lj 4 <LgjS/l ^JjLJ
I -La ^3 aJ-P j*~*~i LI ^j-SLc»-> Lj j*£* 4j 2 — ^| sjLo-S* 4 j^LJJ|
.jUbLUl JLJl
^3 ^- j Jl ^-AlJg ,4 JwwLj^j 4_pL— ^ jJLp ^J>-j_j JL L ^ Jj
j-Jl <-lU Aj2LL>cj ^3 ol L— -Lp tA^J'yi 4 <JC-Ja.il
oUl ^Lp Lj LJ L jju . jJUl Li— ^JJI ^-Jl JLL j
i— ^—J! ^^a 4 otJJJl J-U ^^Jj L > j 4 LLJI ^j-JljJI ^»ljJlj
^JLxj jl ^^J-P 4 j\j^i ^>- a ^3 JU>- jJi
jLuj2_flJl j-LjJi IJuA ^Lp o^Ijj <^IJ^Jj>wJ|
.IftijLa ^N<sjl b«_L«-a Li^~vwa ob? yg.Si obji l e-ULLJ!
iJ j-^bo cl^jIS” Loj obwwwx^b! a bj> bi ' ,lfc
eb-gj j--b^J ji-b biJ^ f—** 3 .^j_bbl j- b 1 A-bsJL^s-a b^-b»c-5*
^ b^p ^giaj bib ^P olws ^_^Jl j c — jlbbaJl
^ip ^ >_5^ ‘WH»Jl aJJtt ^LajJl l iisb jbJ ?(Jj^jioJl
^ P w P
bl_J t bsboJ Ul J>- t pJLpI ba Jls- (_^1p t b^-Sbj jJ lOb^sl j-^-9^ (_|^"b-^l
*; 4jtJaJl {_£ ^ ^ b!
180
fi * p 0 ^
^ ^1 1^] 4lAj.A-!l *-r^ -Aj*>^
4_sLj j-i jS- ^j-«J ^ 4-L5 sJj ! (j ^-SjJl dJL$ j-c^}\ j-**\ J) ^ J'
JjJj jl ^l*-i jt J tl-b»-lj jJj L^o ^juiwvwsS <j! JVju—uVI
* p p ^ *
(j! L« bli ^ Lo^>«J I ^y* 4^>y>- i^\ ^3 c LLww*i ^jkl^Jiil
jl dil j!5 •, >L^I uiiij Jjo ^1 p Jj jJI e-Lj^l y* jg lgj» U
w _J p — P
JJnJ .il ^o jl ajI^j . o-Xa Li ^ y>*->
\jjS>- C 4-Lj->«Jlj ojJL*_<>Jl cIjLp j)-*/? j)-o J l oJ_A ^JjLa ^3
Lil ,Jj>Jl iJjfc --A-LP j^Vl <—■&■£-> jl ^*-Uj Lqj|j C^Ls^l ^ x^^I
4j I ^— - , Lmo* 'j/ 1 l,Lj j ^ I ^-> o|
jjJXj jJ jJ>-T J^>J->- Jjl t4-*^JaJl ^ t JL>- jl -X-^^o jJ
jJ->L> ^jLs t ^i«p ^ ^ I *L> L lo-j
jijlj t ^j-^ljJI l-i-gj cS-^ <JV«az**»VI j-^
*CwO - fl-3 i U ^_3 j3 C 1 *-1j i-fl -^2J L« C^_^-’ ^ tL. s^l JLd ‘ ^ I, - •' r ^£" ‘ p3
jl (_jlj .sl-UxJ i&L?-J sjXx5C»J j[ 4 jLs jiJ.5 lj^ J .(J j^jLaJl ^3
' 6- ** >
.»w^~viL) ^jjJl 4JL^>o (J jjti^JJ ■.,.. is ../3~>
^j_S (__£ j-Jl » ct-LJi ^_S (_J j_i Lj A_pLl^xJ|
^JUI Lo j\ : C i <LLP ^/2->c_sl C
t_J^>L>-'bn 4-P-\.‘... 3 > _i ^>jI ... -a.!l L«— ‘ 0 ^ g - ■» jJ 4jl->^ ft.ll oj_>fc ^3
^jS ^Ualllj jJuJL jl 1 0wU^j>Jl
^ t
( _ 5 JlpI jJ-La j [^-O-J (jj^j (jl] ^5 \jI (j jJ ^ jjSj
jL*Jl ^ g j Jiljj/l ( ^iL*_jj (_j j^y-* j~?~~->. 1 ‘'J
.j^^pU^s J5 ^ ^UJ3lj J^liSlI c5jL?^;j <.<Uwij!j
y&j t4jli J^>- ^3 (^->l-L?-'yi (_£ j^yj* j^- 1 ^ ^ (_y^l /^o
^ 1 4j_wvi-<ijl jl ^yz->*-Z
(Jiljj Lo_« j^l ^yA L^isl^j UjI t^JU>tJl e-LwA’jll ^>Uaj
181
JL ^UJl {j* Lg-^lj t iLijJl
^-^1 <l5jLvJI kj j->ejJl *a_) La l^m>u ^yss <LilJLs^Jl 0^
0 .»> U~ J \ ^ 4jw-> 1 ^ .^Ly^-a Llwi^P^li 0 ^ 4 ‘N-O LwvJ L.J j ^am>S
oL^*^ aA-ws^jiJ| ^J_p ^ j ->^-» oL^>- ^-0 La 1»L>I ^j! 'y Ll^ • J-^>- ^Jl
J5 5li tt >w>j Jip J5 -Up t<iL ^fA Jj tiLijJl J^- <S
li| a j a « ./?■> o' (_£0J! Lo-S 1 4 _^_iL>- Oj£j LJ yS*-
'V -Ly»' J5 j ^_5oLs<s>I _^ iil l^J-vi L>
jOip ^j_p jJ -4 2 Lo-jJ «L~*Sll j^j- 3 ^JUl ^QLxJl lo_& oj ^^yJ 0
'-X_&] 4 A_-^jS_i la. ’ - H 0|j 4 jO «<g aJ) i-iiii Cj~^~i '-■i' 4 A_»_SCj>-j
IoS'^J-v" ^jJlxlL)_j 4 ljjUL-» 0 ^ u* - L*_-^ j *^>- jj aJ| l 5"^' [^LliiJl
^Lo» jJb U-£ 4 ^gi Lp-ljLo J_la_> .j_ 2> __J-® J-lij 4fiL->«Jl ^3 LUj-L-ii'j
t* I^Ls ^si^LoJ A.]a.~»i'^j ^JL-»> -la. «^gl o' 4
4 0_J^J' ^y9 ULp A^wjj^j aJ'-L*j_$ A^J| A*'0*J C*'*^ L* '^| (_yj'
4 0'-b*-*>U (_£.il*Jl (_5 jJ>t^Jl «-'jj 4 jJiol o' J^lp Oj^w
p. ^
C-J-? -UaJU-*Jl ,\~p Ljfc JL?-I j t ^JJJ { j^>- 1 LUlp j 4 ^>JJ
• - -p . >
I.A g > LwoJ-** < n> 5-^ 0 LjI 0^-L>5-1j OjJ-laj . Lft -Ls^j dj J> g “>-l Ju*3
o! jL>- c io*>L^ LL>“! Oj^iLJ c5-Ll
^ f, p
^»Ua_i ^Sj j?*- Ls ^\ I O'j 4 o'-*'
4 ^ ^ ^ ^ | 1 4 —.-j i 1 i ** j i a . si ' 1 4-^_^ Q^Jo «,• - 1 * j lOj^-* Ajt,^ Ja , ' l
IJ^ ^^3 J-S” O' Oj *>\j
Aj>w>- o'j 4 >— j'_«_^'i/' J_y-5| 0>'^^-*_a_<>J' [NLa^-iI] Nl 0_>-Jj_l
ijj ^-i<a)L> 0^5L O' ■Jj'V 4j^pLioJ' 4 — ' 1 —*/*^' ^j_a
4 4 — ^c- a^o ^5' ' ^ j-^a o' JL^-oJ' ^1 jL« 4 aJa^Lp
L* 4 J j_*.jL»J' ^3 A_J^$Ulj ,A m •■ “ l,- — J---s (*oo-S" L* *>y>-
182
f. f •> f.
0-L A l_j L>t_S<»l O j^JLJ jl ( _ y — ..g- U> jj-SsJj
Lj> t j jX»aj t L^jI jj ^Ug V ^yill I
jl ^yij i ^ ^Lold Ijla-j Lp y> s-L-jfjU ^JU.Jl jl$ . 1 <J 1 ^jJl ^.ia.jl
^yj| Jr®*° ®L»AtJ| »La jr* 1 J-L*a*-~® 4 aJLoISvj A^wJaJl (_£ y>iA I J.l dj
4 t-j j\jL>- > Vl o-L-*_) 4 J-..SI oLli ^Jl ^iyj UIjjj 4 -L*_il s-^yji
iiljJlj isUV! ~bj^> ^Liy? j/j L>- ^w«JJ Vl ^LyzJ "V
ip H f f
1 j! j y* . la~ .«») AAy*>LjiJl fr^jA Jjjs jl j jlla.~ jj^J A.g ■ lp
jUi .ciLi jj p-gJL^-j ^v^g-1 _^1 jAxj. ^ ?Ag_Tyi (j-p ^
4 L^ja wL«jI ^yl| liAjl LgJ 4 aJL>JI yAljji^ll La ^ jLjl j} ^ ^ 1 '
j jl j JLS “jl .AjUia* jAl^Jill jJJL ^jj Uaj jl L^_Jip jlSLS Jj
JaDJ ^ L^»vj-v>o ji <jlj 4 I-L 1 I L^-jUj La jj ^*J oLLv® 4_gJjU
Aj j....,.^ jl ^ — 1 jo L-4_£ yjj 3 ^J«i^3 4 l ^ « > r. 4—5 1 ■«■"« ‘j* I 1— 5L_I
Lu5L-oj "V j y^slj jL^jol 3 _^-° 1-1-* jiJi £-*j
JjDJ ^.sLa <_£l oLLa ^1 ^LjuA jjjj jl Ijjl
0 > , jj-« [j_£,>l_— »j oLU] LgJl o j-*-j 1-° j~iJL) Vl 4A_^J v yi oJLa
j»JL)l j^-1 ^j»JL*Jl ^yS aJ|.AP ^yjp 4ljLl»^Lp (jl <L<>J Ja
.^-yg jJj 4 jLoJ La La Jjjjl <01 Lil iO->cJUJLy>l 4
I j! ^jj L?^ 'y A -’l 4C~j»xJLULy<l 4 jL; jvJL-J>-1 j^jl jl L«l
)a~» j}\ ^ j»-L3j ^*Jo I jy^Jj .igJNl 4 4 J A^jj (_^jJl oLjuj 4 JjL*JI
4 Lljjg- jVI ^jLj J-L*Jl j^ |*-L«3 4i — X~Jlj (_jL>xjVI
(_£JL« (J I A_jl I jl ^ iJ- > '-i *y “'-'1 O. 1 4 olhA_4 ALLS’ ^y3 N
.^yWjL»j 4 jI 4 j'yi 4 j J jj L jJAi jll 4
p p
4^ J-va> ~ A ~£' j~~> 4jj^JLy'yi Lgjl L IJLSIaj
jl^J j»Lo| Jioj> jA LS (_yL«lj j»La| j]oj> djCsJaJl ygiyyi
183
^ ^ ( fi-
L*^woJ>- P 4_> ^>t_oJl tjj I *Xp*~ ^ I ^J^vA^wvij
^pjJl 5 j>-L^. M t 4 _j .illS ^p N .LS^Jl*
^3 N tljjl AZP (1)1 tw-J>o jS* ^ J .^-%A>c-<>Jl ^3
. # „
.^jj^tjl lHA3 -^-9 L° ll^_9 . | 7 }-n4£3 , ^J| ^jJ' ^3 jl ^
L>_Ll*j i jj jjJl LJLj>- ^jS- { j^aj L> >lJ ^yl!l 3j_L?Jl ojj*
t^~jfcj i. ^g j .,/? >wa JJU- u^i [ijJ>-j] atlllsvJ J 4j»^JaJl
jJfc |J^« ^Isli Zip 1 4_j 4iaJ>*j Jljj Nj c-JlJI ^3 4^oliaj jjP"
Jl jjl ( _yloiJ J"* ll>Nl ^3 (_£j-t>- <_$3 j^J lm j^ a -i
i ^jJ^s>- (_J3 jsS- J-^J . tlsjLstsj j|l 4 _ijJ>tJlSI jj_o 41JJ ^3 jjU
[J ( j r a Lg_LS^ <utJLa OjIS U i^-wwJl I-L^j Lus j-*-* jjl
j jl -ll^ j! I Jlc-Ij- 3 >c_) c. ttjJl LuSJ^j jl Aj|j i 4_»_...„la ll
[47 JI LiS-Jj jlj] t JjJj>- ^-ImJ (J^L> ^ — Jl jj d)l c ^-JuJl
j*_jj 4j U 4-X ; .l3)l (_£ jJ>t* oL) J^~j eli-L^-l J ^yjl L_ilW2j (jl
■ m3^^L.v- ' I 0 ....... . Ll Ow\jiA^“ \ g-iLt.
JjI li?-j|l ^jl (cJj «-LwaJ! 4.7. ..la, o- ^ygjl J 4j| cJj Jj)
jl (^^>tJL^j cJ LJ JjIj t ^al JjjJl ^^-j-C-Laj Jl 4^J sst? j^Lij jJ
JJ (j-^ 1 l_jl~7pL> CUJ Jj3 Jjl ^yj*4>U
(j^ jJ' cJIL ^ J j^" (jJl tpLJl
4j jJJsJI jl [i_L.U 4j| Aa. 7 .pI JJ jJJ o. U
^fU 3^* ^JL%^-^Jl OwL-A
^ t Lgj 4 j dilj <iy^ ^ ^ ^
jLJ azX*j>- (^J-Jt (J I IJ-A <bi ^3 lwL>l di-Jjl
«J_3 AjL^j i (Jl-Z-4>-j| ^J_P L <_f_-Lj 1 ^Lsl
t jp*)L<>Jlj 5jL>«j>tJlj i ^>-Vl ^>*lwX5"1 L^-j c UjLj i—tf. ./? jL)I
^ t i> '^ ^ ^ ^
■stall' J L ^ C ' jr 3 'Ll jr* ^l^lssJ jl c «-U! otjil ^so^-j
184
lj_A jl jJjwSjw *b/ 1 ^4_jL*J «,,la../?N
i L ^cJ^w^v-oJl
4->Ljl jl ^yal^L^j J ‘ J!
aJLp^SlSI oo L^wn^j>oJ I J50 ol
Sj La
Ob
A A..../? ) La
. C— *0 ^j _5 L^*_P
t A; jLLj ^j| ^>cJi 43 L>- ^Lp 0O>&poJ . AP LO/^J I L^-LjP L^_L>--LLa^
^jJlJl jUI C-iij>- jJS AjIj t ijL-ft Jli LL^ol c)l C^ws4li^JLwu V J
Lfr-O^.. i A_*il JJLoJl ^Jl OO L_j>- l ^ vfl.P U.^ ^ C clUj-S" ^ 1
^jS> 4_OwP ^ g » *v.ll J^-3 1^1 Q j-> p_U t A*»j LOL^J I oLw^Jl OOl j-a-Z'
*V| 4 jjL>J| oL^eJl oSaj j»Jl*Jl ^ 1 ‘l *— Ja i l ^Ui) <Jj(J^<j/l
!>Up jJJi j» jl dLSL^j tJ-ojjj ( _0l jiUJlS -
N (j^jJl .^jNl ^JjLaJI I A* *0 LgjpL^j jJJ jj-><4 N ^Jj
t ^J-^c-SI 1 Liz. >c_^o ^1 ^tJLXJOvvw> (jl C l «/? 3 Lj ^1 .fj jJO ol
jJaJl cJUfc Oww_J-3l ?oL>jJI jl oL^-<Jl fjj* Lo 0_x_> ^_Lp iSL>oO-wA>
o J j>-I^JI J ^3 ^LL5L>o oo jLxLl Lj) ? JjUJl ^L>-> aLLoo aJ j / ujoaj j / 1
ooLp^-v^ ^- o-Jl *o] Aj>- j/ ^j-Jl ci'jLo>- , j/ 1 ol * c—
JL^pI j^SM oLi ^JJI ^L-l
^ ^ 3 1 ^ ( j ^- * -< 2. - <> ,^ 1 1 Aj | Lw-J I 4 - Ls .^^ Jll ^ AP L *)/?. 1 1
uj oJujJj> 00 1
4 j 3
LiN
<0i o
t
JJij jl 4JL5->J O^i^j ^jLS I OO I j_0cJl c (J jjuLiJl
4j|^ ^ aJ^ \ 4_Aj jiajl oJL& ^aiL^ajI La .4jL>eJj Lgjl ^jL>Jl ^jj 3
c aj ^ j>oJtj as (B eing) o L ^j^f I ol *^ 3 -^ ^ ^ 3 ~^J (J ^^ 1
<il * a»L>->^ Jajl j.; ^i-^jl 0^0 A^jLJOo ^ tJ A3 ^-lLo Av^l j-^lo
^-»v^3 ^ I lo»^ ^o^LwwvJ a^-^LsJ I j 1 ^j-o I^^aL Lfl. L?
^ p 1 ^ p ^
<. L^Jgjo.A«l c A3 o^j oL^oj/l ojt^ 03 ^J-^p ^1 Ol 1^} t^wb>-j
j ^j>xj U l)jjp*~ ^Loo^I a 0» jj ol ^ C I Ola ] ax^LL LiJl L*->
185
oL>-liHya'y I a.La ( Ji S j j £, j to jl
i jAja ( j_a *^1 jl j^l 4-3 jJi u N \SS jJ LJL5L1 J .4ji>- jL^Jlj AjjJsoJl
1 j-A ^ylp ^~L>t^><J' UlP (Jl^Oy*^ 4 <Wa^«jjj (_$ jJl ^^OoJl jl
^3 C--»15 LijJ 4 aJI «.««»« J (_yJl OlAoJl ( J^L> L^® jJta j^l 4 J^oJl
^Lp JUwJI 0^£j AJli 4 [^jXlj] AjiiJLa (Jl>Jl d.La
La Lai j jl jl 4 LgO -Ujl (Jj I ^Jl j~Z*j jl oLaqJI 4iUj
jl 4 L aJJ U jJi> La L] ^jli 4 O Jl>- ^Lu.ol (jj'if
jAJi [^».AaL 1I jJ-Lo] uAj aJI ^JLp ^1 jl aj«^^j
Lj l> ^J-p ^ 4iJJ-LS^ Jjj Lw| aj j->1 • j->Sll
AjI j® jjl >Q A U- Jj (_^ j-^1 H .a jL Aayj jl5 AjI 4 (_£ jJ»-N 1
j J *^l J^-a -L*_><aj L^aLa .<_£ j-^*j jl ^P AOn^aj jLa^jJl oLx-a ^al
• Ol jjS/l (_y^ ^ 0 008 4 4_^~vJl Ju_L>- ( j-o (JjJo j*J 4 4_~~>~Jl
4 a la. ... . ii o'yNjoa'yi ^ aLwJlsJi l_ai_a j j_ vi s>ijj n lislJj
Aia^-jLo 40 J (_£ ji»-l A_)^j>iJ> 40 (JL>iJ| ftj-A ^3 Laj j2- ^ jl ^ jJj
jJjya jL$\J 4ajl ji (J J^*-J jlj^axJl jj^a £-^Ul l-L$J jL*a*Jl (J
* «*
>Ljl]a...^.g.a.*>j UaJLk^j ^L>onJl |j-fc
^Jb^P ^.L l aJ-j I
f.
JL>-i ^ la <33 <uLp j| > U .4-^wJflJl
J^AJ>- ^a LlSjaj (j£i Nj £jJ (_^l OJ»«J jJ>.<3:a jj-J 4 jjjvJl
(Jjl A^9 jl 0>Lui*SsJl jl QjIa./ 3 !l ^a A_j olj L oj AxLLo-a
4 l_J A-«-^>»J I j 1 j ^Ja_) UX9 4 4^JL* £ (_£ I jl AjL s ^>
; * y j lp <4 1 ^a A»J ^ ^ Ifl j U5 ^ • ^—wj— 1 1 A 1 1 *. * *, **+ >
jjS t La^jJI-a A^<S j .,rf^a 4 A_v£ j ./3 >t_a Aj>-jJj
^a jl olA.ya.ll ^ cilli jlj La Lali 4 l y3s>Jc^ ^jjl y^\ ^
^^a 6 _Lp 15 (^L Ay^a yiAj jl Nj Aj>OXyyJ jl I Jj I LJ jj^^J 4L^!lL>“ji
jlj^- jji /^a 4 loip (JL>t-»Jl ^a Aj! .jt—i^ill (J'^-kJO'yi JLpIj3
186
(Jjj I <jl jl 1 _Jl j! t. 1 I IJlA JjU
-bjas (_^l O} 0->cJ S^-Jib-o b^P ilj t J jJ*j
( \A ^-bl Aa>- <_ 5^’ libj <1)1 -bN t IlXA "j£- j^Ls^a ^bJl
JjN oLULwJIj oUljjsxJl ^s ^L^«<Jl -Lij.^ cb^ oj j • j-brJl
** “ p p
l-ibojl Ijw^ __ r Lsl bo~lbo i i_gl .<3 ,;N I J J-L*JlJ j^bi jbd-pl ^^P j J */)j <jl
libb jib UJ j . Jg.1 1 (_$jb da La..^g UuLv^l *l* ^J aJ 1 (jLovpl
J> Ml Sjldpl y bU t JJ.i (_£^ ^ J 4 j><l>- (_£^ aJL-bi V 1 j-«l
(4)" ., .,
. jc-*^
aJ -L>- boJ^ c ^ ^-oJl 1 -La ^3 bj-labj ^-s_d> — 3 1 j-Lm 2 -«JI ol
t Lj-o-b 5 tb— — ajl ^daj Lo I jJfc t Igj ^Jlb 'if j _ J Jl b-L-»j>o 4Pl>b>- ^jA
^j2 j jjbb--v 4j| ^jjl ^do j C .S^>- (jl5ba ^S US" jJ bob
IIS’ 4 <lJLp b IS ^iJ! _^jl>J 1 j Jib*Jl ll j-LUl ,^-p 0 y> Jb
jb b-Ojj -lS <_£.ib*Jl Aat— iaJl (_£ 0 b ^Jl AiLbNb t ^jbb! J .Aalbjs
La
^ bjSo J, 131 4 JI Lalp SJlplS ^-Jil <1)1 t juipI Lo tLu5L<w
J^aO 0 Jj JL>- ^*»pljLa (_i"l
4_jLs La a_A>_P a
J^plill dULL) ^LuNj oAjjJ^I ^J^pLail oJLa ^LLN <L> jJAail oLw^Li-i c~°I^La i <, ^ J l tjJJj
ijl-llal ^iSl L^-Lk^- (1)1 j\ I (_ 4jiL^- L)I L^-ajJj t(jl
(1)1 ~° Q ‘bbaJ La_>| (J ^-Jdll J sJLoJ-^li Abbl -bbbl LjL-1 J^o
.^Lw^UL-l 0 j_A U t I«liij ilLi-|j t 1 Jjl .LJ La ^c__w^l
Jj_a LgJ *LwLpLaJ! i jj^- a - i (JL^w J^ji ! J^P Jai-3 4 j^L>- 0 J_j Jji-I ^J^pLiil (jj (jl Lai
(jl j-a] LlLo3 jJ LjI dULJi .4 j ^ C 1 ^J-^Lflil
[^ ^ jl JL>w V il_ tJaii ^j] aJlpUJI jli c [dtUiS" 0^5 Lj
<lL*JjJ C »^-dao«Lp ^sl Lij| C (jl^ilj (jLajJl j^a J*L>" ^^9 L^J-<i-Pj L$JL*1 y La^
d)| .d^vjL L b 3 j-*-** ^ & UjI ^j-opLill r l j^l ’lJ (._ g ol Lb^-) *V
JjJLJail diD^ ^-a ^li L*aaLXa (jLS' 1S[ cU (J^*-gll ^j-a 4j >tlb)Uw > w ^vmJ1
oJjJj>- ^J^pLla L^b-a ^tl)bbvaj (jl ^j£Lhj (_^1 (J-LLoj (1)1 Ijjl «C^Loj ^ La
.4AJLyi jl
187
dLb I ^-Jd opI^-so j_pLo (3^-^ I j*-***- 6 Oo^ j ^ j*
^isluJl ^jA 4j 1 **}L>*j J^l ol Aj^>\i t dLli ^Jt 4iLdML c bJ
^UJl cjUj /j~a <o>LJajMl ^Jj * ^dl -l<>_*_) ol JoL<>JLll ^-*-<>->3
v — 3 jl?xj o-^ ^iil ^)jLJl<J|^ oLjJI [ J^J] c +. ^-*-> j LL* j
cJ^ ijjj^Jl ol dUi . JL*J Jl S j oM^o>-l Jd ^ ^ ,« p
C ^ dLoL3 4^jd*oMl <L*^... la . ] l ^3 <Uj 4jI ^Lp
old ^ L° o-i> U £_£ j-«l J-Mii LoLJd d l L* lij IjJJ c^_>tj
jJ jlj 4 ^>j l^-v^S 4j -S S^3 . -j ' JJ (jl l_Jl*Jl ^ (J ^jtJCoJl
^j^Sj .aJuaI^wo j! <>S l ^*a\j> ^yss>ij ^xil ^jbuJl ^jfi aJu aJ_^L*i
4_jI jr^ (J^ 5 ^ 0 Oj-^j <jl (j^^d ^ aJL ^J aJl a j_#s
0 **
^jP (OM-*JU*»>M 3 (d^l O ' 4 lO-fe ^Jp •^ 0 "^’” 0 "^ LoOlP
o^dDl ^3 ^->-1 ^j-a ^.Jaj M *^j<r jy* ^ ^ ^ & 1 1
M 1 ^ ^»vj3 j ( ylj>gj M o ^ 1 ^^3 I £ p Lvg 1 aJj I M !_
4-Jl ol U Jp*o M ^lil 4jjlJJl ^x>t>LoJl j\ jIjMI
djdd jLi ^jl JLdT 4 JI J^J^od L*J <, JL>d 3' ^ J *-*-*0 <$
V, <* * 0
dU^ ^ 4jli C LoLoL>- N Lo-S* Ol-S* . I a/7 4.) 4jL^5j>J|
^3 I3Uj d-L *- 3 ljj-g- 1 ^ ^ ^ Ja j ^ Cr^ ^jj>-j_^JI ^JJ JLo-SsJl
Ojo^^y I i->dl j ^js jJd I c^jO-oJlj ^1 1 i->dl j S/I t ^JL^-p)
lo t aaa^LL!' ^0 j^JL^Jl ^s Lo Jdls c <w-JdJl ^isp>r 4,/? ll
* V m
t <ud-vwLiJl L) Ml ^j-jjJl ^wJj t ^J_) jJl ^J_^3 A--3
ol Mo t *Lf j->oJJ (j^UJl ^ jj>«-<kJI wL^jI ^ J| ol d,,,^.*
1 j_p|j_flJl dUu j^-p j 2 -Ijl>o Lo iio-Lwwllo 0 jdUl j«pI 0 -^ I«jL32_*_>
j^Svoj oOj Jj>- 0 j & Ui /^o ^«»Jo -^LLo o^l od?3l dj^LaiJ Ljj U^oj^
jl 4»i ^j^doJl ^jd^-d dJ> ^jA M J t 4_Ou3jl 4Jdd jdJl ^0 L^JpLoJOj^I
4 <~j Lip jl ^lj->“ 31 i< ol jl jto ) ol JjSLoj M Lod .<up ^IdMl
u >
^laj jXj ^j.la*.*.*j dUoJ . 4 j o>t3lo ‘U^jLo-dL ^jj° ^
188
f- f* ^
.^jJ«AJ| J liLj^ll^cyJl (J [o ylojl] 0*L— LiJl < i j\ L— . a.1 L -^LjjI
o_i 4-i! ^_aj -4oLiLpl 03 »wLi— ! I jO— > a—i^J? 4_<k_j Jljj'y . o . ■ >- Li
3 I Liil .LAi>*o o jLSLil ^y> ^] jot>Li s. i^I-IjLoJlLoj p-L~ul ol ^Lp o^5L>,
LgJ o^xj L)l *. la." — 1 'Ll aoojJI o*y lj oL ^ia x i l ol .^y^OO
y ^1 l j-uLj l^J O ^5v> Ol ^ 4jSl l oL-^dl ^3 j^jL (_$l
4j (JOO— Oi (_^jjl j3»wJl 3_> l _y-^- £ ' OXL-a! OjO-j "V lj!
$j>-j ^3 3LLlp*LI I ,■» g i L^ Loo-^ 1 I o y-o — aj L«j1_j t d~j I
t 4 _Lj 3 jJl ^J-P > jLL*JI JaJLvNwwv^ 4 LSI ol 0 j-s4> j^jl>j t
4—Lp La .j-o-L’ ■ La ^IjJ La ^3 C aJL-OLalJ
,-y.g I (_£.Ul (JVOXX-a'LlI l0_4s jlS LI La 43 0 ^-3<JI OX-.,-,.. -J J .<L*— JaJl
j*-jjLw>- 0 ^0>L oLi t ^s>^p j~£- jl L>s-3><l-3>
—JO-I^' O^y-^-j 0— 3 .3 t ^-aJ— P 0-?>- A a JJj ^ IL>
0_^03 ^j3 Jyj^-fcLa l AjLL^-oJI j»lSo-Nl LJ_L Jj0»_> > O^JjL>tJ
^-wwval_w-aj j^-ojsl^-a ^_* 0 _pl ol £-JaJO»al *y ^^ 0 -SLSj l (J*bf 0 -X — a*^/ 1
OjOjJ^J j»^«-Ij^I La jAm ( j*o ( j^>UJl OjJj3*tJ Ij^aLLa t ^3 >tJLs4?
LjO- OjJ^^Jl ^ya [jt-fJ jO— i] 4jjJj*j>oj ^oO>mJ1
- «
.L j^sLa
P- . “
l)J_J t 4j ^>cJl ^UJl Jwis C I --La JbS" J
^U-wws-^lo ^3 s^i-L
Ij^j) j! 4jjJ_U 4 jI wliLpi . L^J-P
Lg^>JL/2-* ^Lp ^ (JlLo ^1 ioJ tii-vvJJJl
t jj^p j»>cJ 'y Ojlj t I jjk ^^wwo L wIwJl
^Jys- ^Jzj ol (3^-a-J Nj AjJ^y\ ~f> J~S OX— »J ^-JjL^iaJj
^jLoJI "j Jj ■ II < oLS’ *^1 3 j— iJl j3 lj— 3 ^-^j'iNojo^l
i^-aJLlIj 3 1 j la. v ^ Nl ^Lal Jj JaS\ JL— jOO tiljjJl ( _ 5 Lp (_jX^-j
189
jlj-I l* t Jl*JL>l JJLp Lgj ^3
*»
L 2~~~j jl\ J^aXj U> j^j 4j| ; *AjU d^-*->Ljj
Lj-^3*“Ij (1)1 4 L>tJ| L<>j^i — tl * \s* l_£_>- ^Ja ^J*p j - - I-**** <0 yx~*&
^jli jL^?i>-Lj .L^sIajj Lgi>^Ja >. gla L U ( J^a 'y ciaNN ^l
la tf.9 4 J j_*_4 ^>_ 1 1 3 j_*_i ON !>\->Lis 4_*-w*Jl (l)^-£— J (1)1 4*1 .m 1 1 J-J-LJu
4-x.^iall oil ji d)^5\; jl jl c[-Lllo.b>- Jl jia C-JJJa LJLLo]
jl ^>-T ' — *>> (_J I ^3 4-^ji jl ^Jallj (_^l 4 J J^SJ N i >La — ax-i l ^ ^ a/ 3 la- j
•* f- ^ f.
yA ys- y jl LjAa-j Jjli 4 Llziaa-*)^ O^iJ ljul £-9 j ^ya yA
Jl C Ja-43 1 $JLpL* C Ot I jU Lo-A dJ jj-<J 1
0* f- "" p
(. O^ljJ 1 JLj j 3 jL$J C J j_*_4-o Lj ^! Jo I (Ir 0
“Ul (_5 jI N j^U 4 4_jj_ / A-o £jj ^1 O-anJ jN J«jli y& Jl-Sj
». * p , p ^ p ,
OolS I^Li L < L w^Al ^ J-XJL~*>' (^1 ^J}-yg ) Jl l-A_jl Lj-SJ*— >
^Jl o*JL_>- jJI (Guides) Lij^l t>L*3 a.>
^J-P l oJuA ^0 ^3 Jl LuSv^j
>L-wJ^ J-^-PULa A^Stj JoL^j Lo^- 3 J ^-^-) Jl J^-*-Jo J l J?
4j ^ lia Jl J^-^l "J ^ c L$
.lA-w<Jl I -La oj (p L j u-^j ' JySLJ ii jj Lo . I ^ +*)
U«j3 jjJLol p oLS^ LLJ 4 JI Jij>- j/ I oLj
»* ^ „
aJ| ti 4_5^' 1 jA.la.'.ll ^ija 5 ~A y Jj ji {SyAJIA y& L-c— ( 4 (j j&\
J y>- dJu^ ^JJU*il jLs 4 jJaJ ^l l a , 2 1 1 j oil J^d ^ 4—^w^ L-i_;l j_»
4jLj ^-51 l _yl .Ld_isLjL)L) OjjJ_>- J-j'yi ( _ s _Lp j-X^Nl Ij-A
y* !i*)Qajl rSsjij (jlj c J j^ioJl ^]l 4^.^wvJl y a Ij_jI ^a >- y (1)1 4_-JwaJl
OiLij ^1 4 (Jj^jL<4J| y*-) (_$l ^-‘^-w-vs^i ,..~J I yS- LL) j-^-3
. “h-J I 4_i Lsiu
190
jJmS'
2UjUjJl C)\ <> hull fill (jja
JjSli
J-A (Jp I (j ‘^oLrVVwLijl ^ I A_^J ^vwj
t 4-Ij^ ^y^TJ ^i-P L-5^^ i^LL ZJiS' O^U-P (yjJU Lo
'V LJ JJ -LJ»I jli ciJJ^ . ^jj jl>«JL^J I oLUJUca ^Ju>-Juj
<j* ^LJl fj* Jjl ^Lj 01 015 taj La 0 jJl^
W £ ^ *
oJ_A Jj-Sj-J j! UjwSv^j >— 4 S ’ .!_> ^Jiu lj_J»e_Lo j .. —/3j _ La
i_£j1j-Jl I _^->LS JL^> j-iJl Jl yj iljjJl
JU ^yil Oj£~1j \jjj£j j»J t j^Jl^aJlj Jl ^pNI ^ja I j j j U . l
.^***>loNl y > jJl oJa ij^-j
Ja>a«-i 4« : .U/ Ja^j ‘ jA^ _/=^ J-^
^JJl J->-l Jl -L?J| /> . I l ^jja <J| J^J t J-" -1 JaJI ALo l Jt-4-J I 3"^-?
4 J (J^i j*J JLjJ £o Jil>*J j\ t (3 jJjit^JI ljj6 ( JJLo |jj| wjjlv?
j I f-I^Ai ; oIp-j^j^JI Jj I ^aJxj IX-« jl <_£l j
(^1 ^Jj ^^y^jjil; il j^»Jl U I l-l>- ll«.^Jg 'yij-wu jJJi yuuj .jiau Jl y
.^JtJl jJLtU ^jjlj^aJl ^ ft JLi Jl (_£JL»
191
jl5 i O'* ^J J 4 ^ J
IJa ?tJ 1 _Ld> i^JJu_ j! L_sl j c o j t'j o^LSbo ( _ 5 j] 4_*_j3
^ ^ jXdJi ,v> ^1 j-^-Aj >*j .£3 ~aaJI
t ^*-Aj il dAjLSXLo (_y^ 1 «/? 1 1 LojI^j ilaak aJLLUI Lo^Lw«j Ljljl
JNa^VI ^ 1 1. i ^ i « * <■ 3 «a. » j— S^L-o o I t o^J j^ ^ j L>3 ; <r Lp
^ ^ p p p
^~p . Uo jj-« Mj UaJL*_a jj^Sj j! l \£^j V ^Ls^l l-L-a ^ aa»<aaa~j
,'* , p p, < ^ x ,*p
dj ^£jJl Ij-woJl (J^ 5 siw ^ J t 4_g_>- (j* C4jl
J^-3 t Jl>- j Lg_>lJu ^^LwoJl olj-^ Iq
dLL cJ_*_j Oj la >• aJJLl? l)I IJwL^-o-j
w l _,
^jjjLSvjjJl d.l.<~ J lj S (_J-^ L^JA J j jj IAjI ^jP jZ-Aj ^Jl Cj15LLJ|
jP lo J t aSjAj jl (jJ j-Au (_J^Jl>c-«J L^—j oLw= jj 1 b!
(j-« a^j ,j^Jj w A-Lo L^jj^o LSjj JJaj t li*>Ui>l ^lU-LS" aJLJs^JI
<_£l Jj->- ^Lii'y ! j a.S"IaJ! ^y> (JL>- ^Jl Ll.' — j jl Jj/AjAxI
.C~>\p y*P y&
lo lit tAlojJl £_jDl 'j-* jl; ^i'^ApVl Jx Aj'jU villi £-4j
s* * W # I t. * p.
l_Lwg_oo jlSj l lA_>- 'i' j2L*-< 1 Lo-j-3 .if*' jl jL>- t j/ljupl j-^bl olxij«J>-
c LLw 4^- taL?- j/ L« a^>- ^v° t AjLcJijJl i*«l jjJ Ljj
Ifj Lup jjI j ^Sj jJ di-j Jb ^j-P j p-Ja^j j
tl_^_i|jj A^JJ 4j>^p\j ^Vo jli CAP Lijljl jl Ujlo
^_Lp t J?l j_j jlj i 4_5 _iIjj ojJ_?- ^ )a..-?x— > ^ J— aJ Lj jlj
A-jL j^p IxiL^jl L^j jpa^J j/ jS' t diJlxi c LjL>-
^jwolj jl L^-LSj^v-> 1 —^— jI j/ 1 4 -L dj
^jJlj oljJl iiijilj 44js_Jt>Jl ^jX) L^.".la^l
t cu^-Jij (.r^ '4 -^.j-^i l y° ‘ L °~ ^
XJl ^_*> jJl Ul I Aj j j_t j-5j Ljl ji
192
^1 p 0 ^ ^Lp OLL SjjJ ^ Ap ^1 1 4^jwA-Ul
^0t OLO 4»*j j*S\ jJajJl CpLp 3^ O-jIj
1» „ ’”
^xxp ^A>LiLLl 4_s/? ^-*-<0 L^_>l^ LlOI ^>- 01 ^J-> .<oIp 1^-3 L^j ^jJjj
1 f m P f
0a ‘W 5 <Uj0>0l oO>cJl _LpI y 01 LoJjL^ t <Lfl_^ *^\0J I ya J 2-Aj
• L%^ ^3 Laj yy Ll^< 0 \ ^y*s>\ 0.1 I J_a <L ^‘jjCJ
(_^jJ [l-^aIJL L&jLxpI ^t_sig LI] jj<-!l i__Jfc!jl«Jl aJlft Jb»u (jl ^r* -1
t jvJ* ^j-a ^jjj^siSsJl <_$jJ Lg.L’j^-i ~l>L LIj <uL^*yuiJ! ^2 -*-j
^»U > iJ»s-il Lxl^>ej LIj t LJ j; -L 8 [ i^^Js I J_aJ I Li-L] ^Jo (1)1 ^yg^LaJl
.L^ip ji ^1
4_1_d_*jLs~j L» ^LSl ^Lp ^jLs ■Sj-^l LL 1 a=^L»- ^_>
i ^j>il _pJ! 4jfcljL> JUii ijj j£Lt Jl oNlioJI t j^ JL Lj^jjJI
C Lg-okjj aLL-pL/l ^pfl. fl J ^j_a 3^ La ^hP 1 g * a 4_j jJLUAa La J_LoL
t f-L»Jl ^9 [<lJ| O^.Ja_i LI] t3l-U>5_oJl jL^-SLl ( j_a j g Ja > La ^->i_j
; a-c-l.,io~j c[lLa] LgLtiL^a a_s“>LL>-l f-LwL^/1 jjfcLlLi *_iLLi>-lj
jAUioJl ^y , a j^iSj C L^Lp LJa^_yg La LI AoLJ j J .,ig 1 1 t j-a (_£al jAi La
<U-j jjl oL/LLaJl oJlA Lli 4jLJL>Ll ^9 j . Jw~a!| I-L& Lr" cL>^'
4-5 j L^j ol V ^-*<I^J>cJl 0i ^-Lp 0^ L-S^ ^
0!]j L^jlaIj^j oIjJLl^O 01 OwwLp L^j! <01 j cp-Lwo-p
p^OsJl oLv^j i Jsi-w*i^Jl 4-x^Jh ya wIl \jj OlP L j C L^^_Lsi2JLw«_>
L y* LgJ jj\l j-vO Lfl^>sJ^ C [^L>0l] J-J2L * Jl ^-0 JJ
t ^>*<1 J^-3^ oO-A ^a ^OHpl 4— Q— > [/^Sv3]j .UaOxJlj ^pij^yg-1'
•J+-JI J~jl la» Ji. Jji- V
r 5 ^ J 1 t aJL^-^L o^j jS- ^ g La^>t_j ^lUl LI Cr*
tLL/wlJL^al (^1 Lj-^j t Lj]j t jV.^alj^- ^9 4 a£!| ( _j]- f ' t J? ^3^_w^a
N LL?-jL>- L jL' Laj^ ^a^jAAa a ( JL_*J| ^IjLxJAal ^J-~9 t^?~~ > ~ jJ-a
193
kw^Lp j i 0^*° br^ ^ b) 3^ 3^ ^ ^b>xj
j! . b^<T jA clbb £ jJt> J (l)l^J i LwOwL^jI j\ i ^y*J J~**>xJ* (3 ^L>t^ ^JiS"
^A J t j j) •> /? .". 1 1 i^A .wflj ^A 4 ta ol^^> c J| C^Li^Jc>c^Jl
b> ~jS <. iw^jL^- f-L-^il |b^>-j] ^ lijfc Lfc^U-lpi ^J-P iaiL>*j
. <b*jlj bs ,Jb"j 4 bo 4 <ui j£j£
ly±jju\ oJa j j_^_-jj LjJ_lp 0 ^bJl bl bJJAS jJI ,j_* j j^jj
W 4* f.
L^oJJL> J j- yg Jl d)i LajJS 0 t 4ijb>Jl f-Lv^Jl <L^sJaJl
/jliajbl ^*A Jjb^j L ^pT" jb>xJl O Ip y+0 j-d I ^A ^^A jt-fJ
«AjbL*j Lbj .[^b C-J^ALoj b/l Cl-*~b [j j) «/?.!'] bJJ-J (Jib IUjI
^a ^ 4^Ls^ Lg-wwowL] j 4 g-L«/g.» > La I oJ-jUJI oJa bl
LjaS £jl± [^] l^Jlj ^ ^***>bl L5I jb ^j-p jJiJl o
« ^Uj<bj b/ b_>L*JPj| 4 L^JlP £-L?xj bf Ij jj*a^2J>v3 4 L^-S'j.Aj (^bJl
0 0 0
ojIuLSnJI *)Ajiiwjj c “>\^15 j LjU \ijs>-j Uioj^-j hJi>u Lgjl
.jiiJti 0 jl ^j^>xJb 4SjJj 4-bL*Jl
b» jU ^ ^bJl J 5 aJlp ^JlSI jyjJl j ^JiSbl ^1 jJi Ua j
Oj£j bi A^Sb>»> * ^$3* ^ l)I b^Jj*-> C^LbJbJl W-A>-l ^bb CJ l £, o
* ft ^ f. ^ •“ tf 1
^ ^3 j' ^1
"ft ft ? “ >
bl b^J l)j-^j ol b^-i ^ jj^ygJl bJJu l-^.I> /Q C-^lj-SbJl
b>-j| ^ cS j-* Owi-iLobb C ^jAbJl b - ' -1
Jj>-^j ^tsAsX^xJl O^bbb^ b"^~? * W^” bo J ji j^bp bj J P bbJo
^i!l Lg_i j ^fl bj b^ jb t iS^ V t I^p a\Jc^a
( j^wJ j ; 4^j jJl ^JjjjJl oUL^aXil kilij .^j^JJl ^5 a ^^aaLs- Outs’
w ft ft u
J j_ii SI oli_^?-jJ! ji IjuI dLiu 4 Jilft OL-Jl ^
4 ^j&-iJl ^5 ojLS’Ij^I 1 0--*-^5 ®o j^OsJl uLLuLa^ ^o*-mJI lot)^
Oilu ^ o^I^^j^-^-5 0’*iAjLou _jl [ ^c Ja .>vJ I ^yJ_ft] j aL,i U^uj
.4iiOuij
194
JaJl <J^y wVJL— I b^sJ-L c 1^1 Ju>*Jl iJUi* JU«*i
.L*J 4_aIAj <J 3^*” ^IjJLpI^ L
Ij-A jj j+j £3] ^ ^>Jl I ^£> LlaLa> l L* j1 ajL-saXa]!
^Js2^wj N I^jJ .o ^LJi ^j-^-^j jJI o>L^I ^zp'y L^j j. > £^3 t J-> Jj>sJi
O^J ^P kliJlli c ^jlij ^/j 4lx^+}p O^J ^P ,j_P £_&l JJ JJaj J I
^^-^jJl lj_A jj cl)J p— » plii>- 4 jI ^>-1 c-5^i bsj^U
£*^ > ~ 3^ ** ^^*3 ^^^^3 <. (* yd\ ^a^JjilI!
.LgJLo jj 4jjJbJl JsLlflJl jjXhs a jjL>tl> ^ol t 4j>zS>-
“ K" p. - p
t jj^jJl olSljjJ jl ^^Ip jl *■ j-«JlJ j ^->«^>cJl j
i A_jj_l_X->wa C A_^A-jU>- C-jLp j-+£> j^a ^Jl A-> *_>jj j^j_S\_i (1)1 Ji—i')!
N Lgjl j [Ll$L<iw« Ij_a 015 1^1] l g g .... i Lg_i j_S" ^a (. 1 g • & (j^x^-Nl
^JJlP C-L>ej^ _)J ^Xj (jl A^*j2j J^A-ijl aHpU ^jp j- ) ■ ^ ■ jl
ULoj ?Lp p-lii- jiS”! jj>-\ (_^l ^jp jl l >—3 j j*-* jpj k_j jPs->=-4
^jlp-jll Jl>cJl jA L^JjLa tol^'lji'yi oj-A ^ ^»X5Ul (jl Aj »_9 ^X*j
^ 1 /^P Aj 2 a_>.Jl ^9 a r? j *y C iXpLil J la ■/3*y 1 Lq-A j^S' ^ (j jJL>Jlj
— ^ w p ,
^xJl A-ja^LlI ( jj» j^vjlxJl ^^-Lp li*>lJtX^ol JL^il Jj >c y>-jL>-
Jij /y 3 a JJ-^ i (j-®’ 1 ^^ (_5® Ljj J-fcflj [jl
<a>o ^jj^hx!! j Ju (_al>lxA-'yi oJLjJLi (j- 4 ajI j jAjj>- 3\
,*, — p ojj>lw^ kX-jl— 5*1 j^l j^JC. L- 33 (^*^ ° A __ 9 a jj
^ jJl La ^j . Aj aJL^w- 3 t l^4~Xu A^>-jli^- iXXjIp ^ a
aJj-^S/I J-S' jLLS' 1 4JL>i_a *y t 4 _j^j>ixJ| *?(J|^^J1 I juh [ ’ I 1 a_j
pLvj y>- ( JJaJ LxaU Aj . J b »« .a. l l Ij-A jj-a ^^yXJl (_$
aLJ j ^_p Lbl jj ^jJU c wUi ^ l^j ^La
c xpIp j-^ ^>JL) ixpLs"! 1 jjjj i?Ljj'y aj j->«-> (_^i 3^ j^ 1 - 1 *y
.^l^i (_^i tiij cj'y.u^'yi ^ tJs’ioj'yi ij-a jxa ^j>i^y'y ij^-^ 3
195
d^jLS' c <clpLw4 aJl>- ULa l_x»4 j^SLJL c Li-w**! ^j>- aH$*X-^
<. LoL»j io^va^-o L-Iul ^>- C— j LS vJ t*)Lv3l l-i^p aS*)Ip Jjl <x»5J-n<2J
u ^ P
jJUJI L*-jj bl Uli <. jib \j£- .lic-Jby jl JL>mJI ^ ! ^bl»
^ill Aj>»_) j! L-J-p j-L*j t(Jlj_^JI j-« (_5-"?" j
,<uLLs^ ^lp ILa 3^>-^ ^lp ^11
<* f. ■** p
ij^P _\j«jVl jXi bbb 4_J_X_1| 1^9 (jjbsJL^J iJL**» bl jib
^-S ^_9 Ju^L-j ji_Ji (Jl_>-^| ^3 jj J-_g, X„>c-£ 3^ 4 4 _«_a~w 13 j-lbNlj
Oj^Cj jjl® '. j jj , ( ^~j[^~j')l 1 0~>*_Jlj 43 olp J_v^
jUi ^ ? jjx! j4>iJl il9Ju3> jjJ^jj ij^~ ^-j^-JaJl J j--<Jlj jSl jbJl
^ A;-!b>Jl ejj^jl ( j c P jl jl iiljiVl ^*P jL .sLbp'^l ( _ s Jl *-5bjji J
' j ! j^oJl I^Jk ^4 j^J_sA^b p_S"l J-> . J^3>-jL>sJl £-^_va^-<bl (_?■*
«- ( _ 5 -bJ o*>Lb«J j/l C~~-J olbljjNl jlj “CwO <UJ^UP ^JLSI Lfl3 j_a
Lo ?w5jl ^K 4 J 4^j* t; JaJl j- 4 bufcLA jj.5^3^-19 4 La ^>-jli»-
p-SLlpP I j-*/3 jJ jl lILL J5 X~A i)jjJjLl *)} ^ 4 b-~->- | 4j J Jj>0
* s £ 0 p^p #
JjJL^ut 4_*jJL« 4>t^- Jjl Aj^tlJl X>t-> jl l-bl ^ (jjAJl
• <d>-jl^- O^lp j^j d)l (^5^
t i t aJjL<*w 4 ^ j aJL^wO <Lo*j_2
oJufc (_5^i Iji-aLjl>! ^l>*jLwvw> l^LJ
ji> (^1 ^»U->w 'i/ 1^ ^>^xJl ^j£*
- w f. - »> ^
J5 ^ L^-Ls*” L-^_»»lw>.<vo 1 a»j |^- 4
f>
oLjLS Lilian 4 ! y>- o^jj-Jij ojl
^j — > 4 J^J>- ^3 C->Lpj— s 0 J-oJ t wL >-J~) *)l 1- j. ’1 J 4 (l)t^— J
4 aJ^^j (Jljjw^j jl ^1 L^J
196
jiaJl) cdJUJS’ L_«jJ oLvi^SsJI ^Jl OJ.> U j q->~
-L*j j»Jj (illlJlj ilJXoNt [ ( _ ? tpl] oLi-5\Jl /y> J\
A^^xSio •il-LLaj/l 0 j_$Lili t cjJJL) ^XSI *C~o-*»«xJl a~L^J I^JLaJj L« a.-1-^J
^^xJl oLoLSlJl “jS Cwl5 ISjj c ^w<JiJl j l _ s x~*L>- ^y> L^juIS^ ^
.■»-> (1)1 AjJ ( f" ^-v3 ^-»Jl ^jS *)/ X^A-iJl ^4 ai^>-^o ^y\y>zS\ L^_5"j_LJ
jlilibvi LgjOjT ^ ■ilo^j/l 0 aJLp IJla
j/) ^Ix1Xa»')I| 1-L® Lt*>sXa .^jl^xJl y«J L jLsSvJ I jl^il jl A^*y»tj|
Ji_v2_>clJ L«_i| ^jjNl oLO-OUl cLLU jL^il oU jl j-sNl
j/ L»Uj^- j aJ ju ,jjxJ jjJ a jJxi a Jla j i (Abstraction)
jl_A ^-A j/ O^CCal (j! .^X^Ol ‘Wjj.p LaUwX^-^ ^Jj c ^ ^ ~
jl L^^o_L« l^ljjLol o\j .aJL^-^ N jj^zi . JJ .JjU* ^-^p j-& j -j 3 -.fi
J-A ICAJ i Mj (1) jJUl i j-O M C LU N J UJL>- N ^ <■ I J yg ; ■»
ol JjL>cj oL^O <jjl .^yiL«u^l! jy^asJ] i jjL>wJ ^IjxO OJj^
j/j ^jL»jLa Oj^o N Llij^ i«L<tj
(j — p AP j^vo t <U-**J (jjl j/_j Jj-b ^1 AP^iya')/ O^i
/ ioUJI jl^s'l/lj Aj^>cJ1 ^yjL^jwLo O
1 4_aIJlJ| ( _ 5 1p <JjS/l (J J^JLjJl { jj>\ yu-Mi (jlj Ul£a j
(jl . ^jIjLoj Jiiojo Cf-L^j jUJ ^jUJI i j^- _^JL i JjLaJI c. a i ^oJI i _g^'
IJla oL'u^ i_JpI jl ^Li s Jj . (Dr. Berkeley) J5 ^j .a y> l*J~\ e jja oij-I (1)
A.a^*>LgJl frLa-Ls I^JlP ol *^ :>- ^ i — .fl J ^ll
c— ^1 j>^/3 ll A>ejL«<5> ^0 ^j-s^j . (Biiylc) L^-> t
»ol oVp^ji J-yT? !j»a e . "-*> 4 JI Eii .!■>.«/
Lo cIAJJlS l <L^y» U_>- <U-JJ AjLvA^-I ^ t 0^U^3 U? ^v5n^J^ L AJ>cJ>fcP“ cjl
oj Jj (^1 [^iil i_y] Llj^- ^ Lr_^ Cs* j^i
jpj*> JjJ^j ilU^o 6 »iOjJj^' ol Jt<^- ^J! La y\
r^j\
197
I^lj 4 LIaJJ LiL» jlS 4~x~Ss}\ a jiajlll ^Ip- La lil i ^\ jJl l-Ls* JJLa
' “ >
*» * i,
^U~jSj tjVl ^3 ijL>j 4 ‘L^^laJl o ^jo.tfLS LsLwa jl5 Jja.^jl ^Jl £j>- jl La
i j^>\ j^£- y )}\ Laij ,|j_>L>c_a LLpIj L^j < '-J-iLp 4-Al-L> LJLi-
4*3L3^-aJl j ^ a. J * — 4 9 ^-a-ll j g L ij J^-a "-^-*- 1 ^ ~L-~3
ioLoL^SvJI jl JJLx-U Ij^a La 1^1 Lo_^u''ij 4 J_5_*_Li ^iL?.jL-oJI
l^g-j L^ j3 — S ^yA ioLaJl ,3 /^»aAjI ^3 4^a^>cJ|
*jLj 4 La ^w*_a~j 4 lil L^loJuJ 4 L*_a a — iLiJIj L^jL^L3' 4 iS^J!-*-a-!l
J-* [<tj ^x^zSjl 4 'ij i_3j jA-a 'bJ 4 La j^P ( _ ? J-P LgJwa jjJL_>
*a nP ^
*y La 4j^a ^JL) J-3 ^AsU Jjj*-a >_i^^a |j_A j ! LJlSlj-il 4_~~a
.<OajUa ^Jl (_;l J-jM
^L>*_?tjLi JJLxJl ^jJ 3 - 1 JJ5J ,j_a jj— 4_J| JLa-*j La jJLj U-3
f t> 0
1-Xg_9 ‘bbj.} . 1 Ja.lg * ^ I ^1 V^-> L^J>“ L$~<>J Ijj
■iL^Ljl p-i->\ •(*— £->' j_?-L^_aj p-g-’jP'a-J J-SLJ
* p **
J-Uj L« j\ t \^y>z^ L^i» ot^ L* *1 t bJ^/V wLxul ^Jlp o>L^I
^>- j^Jlj £jb> jib l^Xo
0 ^ vj^^y *y <jjL^*f s )i 1 ^j-p 1 ^ . £. +/z 1 ^xp i ij bwi ^
jJaj J5 xipj 4j^L*Jl oLj>xJI Lcw^j c oL5b<jJl j obajjl j-SLs (i ^
^-Lp L<>, {j L$G j 4 obi^i^o j I Jj>- obc>«-s^l j bb 4 J-bS
LlixS* oXgJ ^^-L*J| Jb J&
*> a*
L^P J^L»-I ft I J_o_3 1 Ju 4 l 3 Lalj- 4^JLa J^jL-a
13 /■ «*
AjjJaj 4 O J j->Jl ^iL^vj^l JJL*JJ LpI ~Js t >-\^j L Jl-ij jJ <L^-JlSL1| 4^>jjL^ 3
4^|j4^a*>LJ ^—aljJLa^t 4j ^ JiJ ^ ^51 ijj'jJ' ^J>l_i 0~aJ-*^>
4 J_jL^aJI_J ^V^v^aJJv^Jl Lg_oJ-L5j 4_ -JJa. I La^ Lg_l Lp LjLL^a L;
198
* * (■ "d (
t LJ-jo LL5 jli tJju>Jlj jL^xJ'yi t ^y> k >j *J} i
- *
i iCS' 4j CALLS' LLLviX^> c oljJLfl
La <^J>C-*JI <U3 *L-> C <J AjL^j N Lo J) Ij->-
jaXk4-> *L^/ t j_>a J^S" ,i '-^- > *
jJlSI ( J-*_>*-> Lo ^j-SDj .^.^wJaJl l £jjj>\j ^^Lw-jNI JJL*Jl
^a LL*^Jl^ LbjJwvvJ UJ ^_LL>- Lft^Aui ,^JI *ljNi oJ-A l)1 j-A L->c-p
jl UjjAio-; jj^L *Vj tifel-bj L~ j-j> j Lo 1
j j! ^j^-o-> ^cs^ 1 4 ^jLuJL J _^JiJl jjp oLojJLjl L^i»o
& &
L^/? L>*-j 4jLL*j_<>jl L>- LiA.t...oj/ 1 ^^*_>- /^_o pL>^>j|_5 LJ Lc-Ia^
m _' ^ 1 j jl c cj^j LwL^ t c ^1 m...Ss_5 ^ 0 J , LL^osj l_^
4 _j_jlj j_^l ^j_P ^~i J~*~~ 4— ^AljJL'o'V Lg— woLo~o_$ a^j|.Ajl > (J l -,^_iL' I
. . /a" k 4_w&l_A)Aoj! aiLj a _^ljJl jJaS wAj^j Lo-J jJ->l J 1 ‘W^Xuji
t C jJw2-!^ j- 31 ] 4 J 4_>L^_> M Lo Jl J_> jJw?l J} a»Lfl> jL^2jj/l 4jjlj
(j j^j j-s Lg_>LLL<k_oj j ^-\ ill oL»o jJLoJl (Jl ., <g -)Nl 4jjij jlj
JjjJl J^ 3 0 jJili jjl /_J-U ^Jl JLs<2jN 1 Lljj I ‘UaLjAoN
JIp jl jA»j VaJ ajL^jN La Jl Ij- /L-L*j t L^-oLo_oj
jji jjl ^3 Lo jjjj s-LSl^oj/l kuLli 3.XP J^oj iol jJI \jja ^^LoJl oJl»!
iLjfc 0^ ^ ^--jLoj L 3 4j^L^*-o Li^^il ^y ^-p
J^LUl Jj-5Jl Oi ^>- cfp^jaJI] jj+^j dy Jj-iJl
jo^A’ ^ ^wJ-~»Lj]| LLoJ_L ‘OL l (J y>- 0>Lo j _^i g .^-l 0->L£ L<»-^3 (2)
jl ^xJL k^JiL OlSi A j*+> l L* N j N jl jllj'V I jys p|j>.| t ajIj^s
'V J t 4^Mk^ai-J ^-Lla ^^Ij^cJJ jl lil (.5^^ o^- 9 *JL^“^!
.^iJjjoMl ^J-*i c-J^r <_£' 0^ l^L jw2>L»^JJ
L)jLwai Oj-^d 'y 1 jAp d)L> j ji 3 i ^> L u a ? yj\ j j^. p^-^l ^3 vjiJ^
<i_Lii jjaj ji jjLa'y 1 a) n Lj oi y> yjLj oi 1 * — 'L fc< L LjL“ ^
.aJ aL^- ^1 Lo J! ^jL-^aJJ
199
<• > LofcLa JJL*JL> ^JLlI Lulxs u iL?Jlj ^isLuJl-) ^-*-d
AjtlH (»-LP <. j (_£l A_sOj_ojj j-£- ^y> t A-i jLc-jjj
L*Js>L-j Ijjo J-iLuJl ^-o 3-Q . A— Lp j— J^w * ., <g JL)j 4_^jj_o
aJJj .oUJUl oilU-1 tLLb J.?- ^jJxJj t ^2-*_;
^jl ^s ^o_!l L> ( j i. W . ' - i N t cJ^a L ~*Ji ,^-^a
.s-LJ^SM ^
> » p
l> ^xj! ® ol J_>sjJl sj_& * a_L>- dll j-^-hj
^,L*Jo LoJLP t ^-Sl 7- A^o o)lS (1)1 C j^SI
^-jLlaJl ^jb-sbEjl ,j-° a_)I Jj>tJ ob oIJUaNIj *V O^jJL; _^»Nl
LL>d-o3l JjX-P 4 Jli*Jl p-J-u< (Ills' ^P«J 1 |j_>! aJ j ^> (jSloj ^ cS“^
aSL*ji]| (jbjJl ^1?L io aJ ajL^j bJiP [(j! JLSj] (1)1 t aISp
jlj l^Lo -Lp-I jJi ^»_L*JLiJ t * 33 J* (_s® £!^'-’
jj jS j_^p Lib JJij 0 ^ J-i*Jl ,^-Lp -Li® bib j^ 3 -?
^j-« 0 jA>lisJl oN l>sJl sj-A Lj_Jl 4-0 Jo ^ylJl A— o bib jJa-Jb
<1)1 Ij^oJLaj 4j>c—Jy\j a jS - lj (_>S) .jbs-o-J (1)L® t ^2_3 LdJI ^ y*3 *■ — S-I-StlJI
A>c_b’lj (_$ jA>-l e jSo <jji j\ Lg-*_o ^i-3(-Lo la (Jtj.s^'SJi l j- a j j r o~*£—i
Jjjjjj aL<J Jo t ^.a.ll ^^Lp lJ^IjCLaiNI Jj-lba ( JJaj bblis <. 0 J-o*Loj
-Li bj *i® t IgaJU ^^Sbo ^bl LLyg.g,il A---b-s ajLL>-
5 J p p ^
jXs^2j ^Jl «C^j jJi CT^ lT* ^L*iJL> ^1 ^yy:,J
/»— Lp ^u*j wij- ^_] 1 L^A-s<2_>tj txjL^IJ' 1 di^Li
. (3) ^l
luJL- lij oUaiUJlj (Absurdities) ^J*>U>-SM ^b>xjJ jl J, j-^i ^ (3)
ALoLd' ol ^Jj 4 i-alp ji ^J-P ^
<U^'d»- ijlxi! (ilili ^Jz^\ U ^Ip ]aci> O-ia^j j\ iJs>li>- ^
— L)U c jLya.?- <dajLL LoJiiiti IJ-SIaj JJl ^3 o^i>Li-l o^SJsJI b« ^u-»Xj
200
.^JLp jJ> 1 ol /s\ ^-p'yi ol
j\ 4_^al_C- CjL-^sI jJLpI Ual *-jli jJl> OJ-L^JLoJ I
* «, «■
OjLs^I I 3l_9 ■ ^JLP I
^ ^Uil I^-IjLo L yi\ ■‘U^isbjuJl tlj'ii/l /yjj ( j^jJJ ^*_~iaJl
0j£-> 3> i — -^^cj Lw»lSsjs-l v^->l j ^*- 1 j/°j 4 ® ^-bS' ^*-3
^3j > L J LM ^r^lj t jl 4_L_1_P Lx>c^5
^yaiLU'l duSJL^Q *bJ333* t-lajsxJl cLjI J_a ^a~Lp^o j L~J 1 ^Jlp**
i>° 3JJS i^j (.ojS-L^j ^HJI J-* J^-lj Js *ljT ^ ^iaJl
oJ-A ^Jlp Juj^i Uj .‘US'LaL^JIj 0^1531
4^L*J1 oL>JI ^3 IIS' UJ t Hj Jjfc oLsi»I^JLpNl o-Lg-3 c <daJLJl
^-Lp_2 <J-*"*-^ Cj~^~ JjT ^3 L<kj)
^^i]| jl j^. w^L JwxxxJLvvo cjt Oj^ tjl 1 -ll5C<*->
j_a <Oj_i>“ L<Jl <-woL*Ji 2«>c_>«Jl J-S" (jli C O N N AJL-*^ ^ I ^J-A
4_&1j— Jl oJ_J& ^jJ} ) yJL jJ <L^IS °J,J J ^-> J w^L-ui?l ^JLP^y !
j^^L<Jl iakl j (Pyrrhonism) iJj^J! L* Juil ol .[<LJLU*Jl]
wL3 .<jjL>Ji oL>Jl |u*-»iJl Lo^l 4 ^Jl
3 j t ^*J ya 0^33 ~^L^~J>- ( j^jjI-L*JI ^3 siLij
*33o 15 LL ^j_>Jj . La oj J~^J ^1 I olj--?*' 0 ^3bJJ LL^vo2_»\ j ^_^2_>
^L>c_>-lj ^ <jl^Jl C-'l-i C-‘L1 j-^>- o^L*Jl ^3 'l^-i| 4_oJ>$o!
j! t <bL>ell ^5 IwL*3 0 jJ>\*~ jJJ il j £ >.~-i jL$v3^fl oJL* oL® ^ ^ j*“\
t *>\_*3 o^3? L>- jl^^l Jih j j-SLj La JJwP jU^Jj ^ L>*^ [Lla] jLtl^Jj L^Ljjl^-Ij L^SLl
l^- ^.LcL p-5\Jl jLSLsI J-S" jl -C_p v — 0 j J— j La j-^j ] jJJ-L) L^_L*» tali
t LLkil j jJj lj- j <ji L^Li *w?L>- Ijtatal jll 3^J ^'V^jju*/I
j^j L. ia . £ * I ^ 1 <b?x_o-L)l o_Lj/- . a3 4j Lj^ j/ ta 4_<p^jLLS 4*l_>ta j ol *^SLi_j
p—j"' l^" I ^ t • * d 1 1 I ^ ^ I t j Lja> Aj I 'i/ I t**^ t I U* j I
.oLj^-n-aJI ^L^“l __^a J-ta 1 . . p-g-5 J" 5
201
J-jJaJl JJaJl jiLiJ jl L« I g l 'CJ j . Lg-j > ->-0 ( j_a O^-i
ljalj_ftl ,l)j>t_i ^jjl 4-w4_*j_>Jl CjLp jj-aJ} .a- ^a^jJLS
i_£jjj t Ljw-s 4 _x_wJ 2 .ll £jjJ — a ^jil ^pjjLxJ l J j_pLJL«j
o JU>- ( j^ JLa- 'y \ r ^~i jJl iS'jLj t oba-jibS'
^jL^v
jJJu Cb^Ja*- J] jjC^~-> (jl j <L> jj)^ *-)l l^|
Laba JU t Lio»p jZ£\ oUbygkuJ t ^ r P aj^LaJl 4-J^JUJl oLj!
^2 iLl L« JJ jl 1 jp- JjP lJSjj al 4 oJj^bij J-/ 2 IIJ a_U>
j\ ^jI ^>J l aJ [J _L*j 4_«jl_aJl Jal_LJl ^j_a 4 ^JlS ^Jl 4^j J ^ I
p <A ■>» i? *
4j 1^ 4 <L£^Vp y*« U5 4-CXJLa 4_& I Jj L$->| 4 0 ^Sl-Ul
jj \ JJ y*P j-v? j-« 0 J^P Ai^UJl o jjfc yP ^ j~>-\ 0 J>3 yo U
c, p =*
^jl obp j_/a J-oJl jbj LoCJjj 4j>*^>- UJ 4j| ^ 4 Lxa Lo_gJ j-^9^
■g
tj5 __ r a > 'l oNba- ^jb iJJJJlS" J1=lU^ 4 jl j^sNl 5 jj\ yLa \^Xjy>zZ ^ 4jlJJa
T-JjJLwajll l_ba ^J| LojJL (- j/ 4 jIj 4 J^3 ^y> b$J j^j\ Aj jlJLa
j/ 1 4 j bx^ 1 < j£j wj ^ ‘ yj J_2 4 — a*__wa a ^ I a- bxj I
^Jl jl .Jjl j *. Ji ba j^*S tlAJi ^0 Jj Lgjl
AijA^Jl ^ J ^ia; a!*J Ji Jj t <u ji ^.kj Ujj tjlSkS'l e-La J5jj il
L^lk t Jijll 1-^.T.P La t ^ tA_o^2 C jj ^l!l L-J^_A^^a 4 a\J
> 5» p
oJ-A ljuy« (jl <1)1? J-S iiUj jjb
j\ j^~ (y~ *j ^ !-Aj1 U ^jW -
^JL«^<>jI <= l^j I i *-- J ^ LwkL&^
LfJ ji <J j-s^ ^^-Lp o^al^L« cIj-jI Aj^j L^-^ 5 ^ * Lg-5
^yp ^ ^ Lo 0 Jw vaj? yp I*Xa jLwvj d)i ^i?o .Lg_~*>L> OwLwv^
p ^ »<
4 L«^i ^ U ^-ps^t^Jl I Ln^2_^-a>* ^ I o».Xa J5
202
all 31 j I Jijj Oij .U^r
- c-
.<U_*_*Lv»i (_j- 5 L 4 Lpllisl dj-lou (1)1 ^LJI <lL«j
S-Lj (1) N Ji (_£jL^l J J-LyJ U^JlS" jU l (_£j ^LoVl jl
<1)1 aiSHoj lAs Lol .iJ jLJ\j 5 (— - 'li LglSUj t
dJJi (_)^5 sj (1)1 jl ( jjJJs JJl ^3 ^ la * \ a J^jlj Jj I 4ldw.LaJ (1) (1)1 j.lalli
^J <j| t «-L«i d)l c dll 4 ^Lp Jj Ijuio t l)IS" (1)1 i ^utxJl
<• fi <> ft w f
djd^'Vt oLc»Jl c-oDo^f t *>LoLi *>L«IS' IjLvsjljI j ./? ; *. t d)l j.ii
« i i
oLw>« ^LJI JJiJ t j J .Jd _^~U jjjijj ^y^JaAxJ .‘lLsIS”
t(JL»XX?-'yi Jdj JjLaJl OJ->Jl Ida Jd 4 (1)1 ^w'w 5 .ddl Jl jv-g-jL^xJ
jl JjaIj (1^ jl>- lo-gAj .(_£.il~oJl <_5 jil Loji <Ut-vJaJli
(i) Ls to jjIaji 4j'y v yjjx^i <_)*>!_?- l y^ r jL3j ^JuJuj o j-;->- o^ju
(1)L> J-dS" oLj»sJ| ^3 l j^> j^j (_^jJl Ja.'y-'^lj JjSf! dj-lsJl
JjJ_*J L 4 ^jS ^^3 t oj j_i j l jJl Lftj..Ja.3 <tjUa_4>cJ J aS <
dill J I Jj-o [o jl t (_5 jdJl jj^o AS jS (_jl <d-cl>i3 .j^o a J— t jiixJlj
I 3 L 3 C ^yi-yy-LiJ 1 | oLa/? A 1 ^yA ( ^ L* Is 3 ■% ^ : 0 1 1 I ^_l_^wJ ^J*Xjl
* f. *> *> f.
ul li j c < u!p l^5^J 41 * Lv^J L ^jp* (J jl ol5 t*wL>- ^o
OjSij (1)1 N I N ll 4 ( _^ => L)\j dLd>l jlp I ( Jd
J_a_»jJlj J-*-aJl j 1 vai (j-'i-Ji ‘4-L p I- 4 jl-^1
Ij^'Ud lo-g^j jJz- ^-&jS t+s-j olale-'yij
Sj 4_j“^ C ’ t (H->\ 1 « J 1 ej_A Jj_l_*_i Lo ^_3 t g ... a il ^\xs\
.^gdc- Lgj ^ Ss i jS\ oU ^ ipNI
dJU! ^1
-ft * f.
Lg_L»J i A-yaj^lS'y I 4jtywLjJl t'yijlpl jiSI ‘tyOj jOljJl ^3 4-OJ
ft — •y-' ft ft
jl 4^1 s -il Ao^JLi UjJ-?- (1) LA^Ji, oNl ^ ^Ij \
203
£tj_s<a U (. Lg_~S ^ Lg-L j-SLo JO>-j-) LaJJwP t 5_jLi_oJl 4-0^]!
^11)1 ^ L pV 1 pi ^LUli t j^LaxJLjj Jjl*JLj Lo l^-LL^I
Uj <■ p-gjljl y^SyJ U^i ji <-)l <j jJ j_oJ>!^
jJ <Gl] j*_gjl_u ^laL-o Llj t -O-lj i oL>- ya LM «-LOuLll Oj y LI 1^15
^ ctoy _^-*-> ^ £j)jJ Jjl
0 j^nJ JjS ^oJ L)L~l>- 1 ^y^J> sj 0^ t jt-gJ Lg-Jj
i ^ ^Laol dL^j ^c»>-jLiJl j\ 33 ^jJLi c [dlL iv^-sljwo *ljl
1 _^5 tJ^cJg JL ^j ^ j-> lIUAJ ,^-g-L^P JJa_*jj (. j_ft>l ^j^j>c_jj
„* w * *
^ ^ ) 1 </? ll oJjJwJ^> (JL>- ^ L>- l^j^Lij ^J>-
L^lp IjU jL>Jl iJ-Uj ^Lp 1^1 o ^woL> N jj^L$o
O^-^- L>cj>tJ I 1^)1 yj± ^JaJLwol ^5\Jj .^Lajip'^/I ^Llp^ jJjJLlSI
<. I /^_ajJI ^Jl ^-o jJJl o^LftL^Jl ^Jl I ol j_> ^Jl
0>L>-j3 ^*^23 1 ^3 l)^-Xj *LpLo> |_^A_pIJ <. <ul ^_>-i J_^l ^3 oLS" jh^
^ -® p l*
OjJ-aj L*-J9 I -La JlLo *] 1 j^a-jLJ 1 AjIjI jj! ^3 jLa~JIj 4jjJi
l ii>iJj 4 ^-g^ 5 y jt-A-tAjjj 4 lli>Jijlj £-2>l jiJI
*M ^ t ** *“ ^ . * P
0 I wL- 2 ^ >3 ^ ■|' / ?-'^ > " wA— S^
I jjjl Lj ^ <, Ojjja-; jj jJl ^UJu*Ji [ Disposition]
«-LJ_*Jl ( j^s LI Ol _^]j . jjJj-flJ Lo ^2 y. 1 ajj>sJLa t j^SLaXjl J 4-^iljOJi
o jJws Lw« oU t bLp-j ^UJI y& Uiy ^jX-JiSl ^gJ yiy
t ^y} I <LJ_ii! I (J L J 23 Ll I o I y g ^ i ^*-g-^ L Lr° ]^- > 5_i 03 j I y 3
l yy? yi}\j llLjjLII ^\ j Is ', I L «LgjL i y& Lojl j^ 2 -> Lg_i Oj-i- 32 j 2 j jS
dLLil jjS t<LoL*->^ .ajj-JlJ| <A^wJaJJ L>c^Jl
** ^ P P w
^ 2 -^i^sJl 1 ^Jj-L 5 JlS’ ^ IjLil jjil jJ Ol OjL! ( *- s 3>! jJlj iajL>tJlj
• u-Owi JlS’ jl jaIIj
, LuLwjLA-I Ij^oLa OjSsj 03 L djjJJ^JI «U^> ^Ji y>- 1 ^J- 1
204
1 C ^ a ^3 1 ^ ,3 ^L»_ y. «. «, ig 1 1 A-^t*v»wvJ I lJ ^
djtjw\_ii_l C5”^ ^ <!~)\S' yJ* $J}JK-Z>il-) LLj Ll^JL>*_J U»>-
dI^j c obi JLj>JI (j| < ' j ^w2 Jl
*L>ol J-*_)l ^Jj J *)b C_3j-<^2Jo ol jJj t i^^wL>^-Pj C O jt'
o-iL^Jl 4^ ajo^JS Lo oLp I wL*_jl--v^o obojJb olbbJl
p. 5* f.
J C oislO tiiL^ls £.^3 U JiLaJl j^SoJI lol .lijJLa <t) Ki J^jP
c>->tj ^JL L« ■ 1 j“^'j t <-«L«Jl ol_^>Jl ^jJj>- a_^jsj
^L" t J^yg-9 C^J>0 I J^_0_*^>3 <. 0 ^-“Jl Aj <U a>jLo^JI
4^jLovoaJl 0 C-V 2 J jl 4 ^LJa^bJI j *1 j_^_xlJl J^JjJ ^3*1 j-P'Vl £~~3 j
( j-^ ^iLiJl j\ jk . Jl IJjfe b~° ^Jl ^jJJJ oJjli ^.Jg-pl ^j^wJj ./^^LwJl j
f' i^\ ^^i-p ^L>tiLcA>lj^ c ^-wJl c^L-vJl 0 j^jsj Lpbx^l
cil!^ (^°J 0 Jj j^JJ iiSl^l ojwLiJl j^u
A3 b,^ b Aj I ^ ■> t ^ j^-^*o A-4^-v»i-flJ 1 ^ ^ L -x>w«-*-v— > ^jJl wiilijl
o>i^ji ^jlii c ^jc*_*i-oJi iij_A ^jo * ^ ~i *»^ ’ ^aji ^ol^ji ^iajlIVi ^ji
t~>s^o L^pLws o-o-j -ii j i-al_*Jl oL>J1 ol j^jlj VI Ow^J oi~JjaJl
Ajj ^ <_<rH A I
^xJl olSXJl j L.,<gA> jLo-Vl ^3 ojA?-Ij Ij^l^La tol*Jl oL>Jl
IoIp ^j3 ^ .L^->LJ»o-P A3 ^
C- 5* ^ ul p
^ o <— iJl -L^o C Jw-4JL«o Lo J_S” [ A_> L^_L^_>o j® lJ_j2_j (j i
IUjI Lj3Co-j t ^I^jLa1jLw>j jLJl ol ^1 t lg S *a* a * *) i ^>tg^ ol t
3L>-j c J^vgL> J a/2-1j oj J_ s j-> j_ij Ll^uL>I ^ La-> ol
.JbVl Jb JjVl Alo
A^>-^>cJl ^a (. ^ ,^-vv 4^2.3 1 I d)i
c^ljwLiJl blij Lv^b-x-^jJ I ]g a>voIj w\_2 *“I ^jJu l)I ^jL^i
. LJ a_a_v2j j-J c L^->Lp y^> ^b ^ ^ A»^^JaJl
205
. Ip j^oJi l^pL*» llJ j
][^^-L*J3 jji o d^Lp d)l
v j j^a Jl Ijjfc £y ~* jlj oj^JIj j^-Svi! cjU j-Jl
4 ] g.A^tf ^ { J&>U* ^y& t*Jj Jjwl>Jl oX& pIjj L* ^1 43 {j* Jl^VI
\M & p
ijLi 4 LaL»J <ljLw» iX*S\j jt-5CU 4 J jP< Jl alj^-jll o-jLS” LL_ Jj -^L^jIj
j/j 4 (J j_yiflJJ IwLL^-i (jjPa *>Lj 4A_lj>-|_Uy» 4^S\ jZ . a ^.yg) Lgjli'iLC'
L^jjLcwj jl Lg-ijL^j 4 JajL^a^Jl j*iSLi i ^jUiaj ijl 1 jlj I
i>tw3!j (_^ ^»-j|! jlSoj/l Ools' LJ <31 jM .L& j-aliia 4_LLj»*_a
Ljiii La-g-a Jjbl LuP»-i j/ <Glj 4 jAhj Lfry<S>.«-> O^Axi-Vlj j^ajJl
JL*jL jlj 4 i_j*}Lj-j|l |JL*> 4_kL>-“)Lo jlSl ^Jl > y&jj (jl k L y3S>eJt}\
^ (jlS" (jli 4 J>- T LuJa 6-^yjJI I,!* (jL) jjjaj! jSjtL
^j-a L&L'La LaoU iaj^y? (jjl Oljl jiJl oj_& [_j JjJaJl]
ja} jL-v» jJl £-jj-a ^ *t5^' OLfiJ j-*j 4>iJ_vi2j La ^Aj 4 oLJl^il
4 4j j_*j LLLs.5 L<»_^o k_s^_*_> j] j/ ciiJjj >. *-L,/g. Si
oJ_£J Lj^Ljj ( j-5LJj .(»Lw»t_Jlj JjljLLyjjfl ^^3 J-yyLwJ (jj3 4 3jwL>cJl
Ja.tfS ^JaSA j 4«Jjj»-ll .Jj^-j jj-*j 4 “USLLaJl C-jLp I <Lw2jiJ|
4 4_J>LLaJl ^^JLp (_£-LxjJl ^Jy*j jjJ><Jl (jl j^tJLi (jlj 4 3jJ4>Jl 4 4 j
p V ^ K p
j^oVl Jia^ .VL^S" JuSl 4jLJi>sJt ^3 A^s^LflJl oJ-ft
ji ^La-^L^iii v lA^Lwo^ft oJla /jS j-&
jiJuJlj jt-Sslt 1 5i ( jj* J>-\ ^j3 ^c,\ ^ L^Ip
I (1^“^' L<>_A^LaJLpl l L#db 4 / ‘^r" ^ 4^“^'
.(jL& A3 j^»JJ
4jj|j-?-Sn ^j'lij J_yp ^ j.,7 jA_J ^HJl ijj J-S* Lai
La J>5o 4 jLft jJl {j£- 0 j-v^Li oj_ft (jl ^j-aj • ( _ 5 ^*-^l -^J-^J-^J
4jl 3| i^_Lyj ^a aLo-J .(j jSLi jl (j! aJ jjJ^j O^jPj
206
o^^->-^ 0j_So j^qjJI j ^"^-v^^-Jl ^-Lp t p-UJlLvw! t)Lj
V t AjJ^li*- C-oLS" 0}j Oj->"jJl ^J*P aJ JjJjJ A a .«/? fl llj *^ws^Jl
^L*Jl L* I .0^>-^l aJ J^JL ^xil Jjl: 4*ijjiL*~aj Aj j j)*/2«a ^JJL
0 J& V -Lw^O Jj£ ij ,^jLLc>% j JL>JU tAjLJbJl ^^JuP
64 J jOj>JI Oj^j 0^9 t aJ j-i^o aJ^p-^Lo a- *,^.9 ^JLJL
>> fr y
Uj J-S<2j lj_>l *jjj Aj^LS" 4 . .,<j-3 s-Lg-3 4 10 ( 4- i^axJ LjLv-a
ot jl (Angel Gabriel) JJl ^>- dlLJl ol jl (Caesar) <jl Gl
diJji >Aj23 t IAj! yj± ^ JH 3
^ *rfLLA~i Vj l J lit |>L<»-> 0 J y-»&Zuz wii-ta w A-OLS* 4-ws<fl.9
«•
. l.,igflbj
<< fr
t^i 40>L«_> V jj^JI ^j-o i_£AJ! ^^o-*Jl ,>^>-jJlj
£t>t?-Jl oj-Aj .4 Jj^Ao j! 4_— **. 2^> t > c - J V| J-JjJl 4-J-P ^Ujj (jl
<jl jl>- 4 LJ— s IiLL*J Lo lili t4jjj»tJl L5 -l- c - 4_AS(JL ^
^1 p taLva?xJl js^jL^ JLiis ^ I ^Ojj <jl ^Lc- lj.slii f-^y>
ojl.il 4_»4>-Lv? ^-LoOJI J3 jl 4 ojl j jo l lO_oJ-£" Ji_?-
4_*^Js LoJUj ,^JI La-o>-j ^a 4j j^>ijJl ijl .L^j1jL»«>s iw^-S"! j^(j I
^l--wJl .lj^*-jJl ^lO-X— *' Lp Uj-LAjJ 4 Ujk^jJu=- J (_l ^JtJl-oJlj (.■>■> il
0 j_ll ^.Jw*-*-j| ^_jl ^J_A l_A
O-
L-l
J*
4iUi
(4)
jj&j 4oLi)l 4ij-*-oJl |*L-jI ^^Al (J-^~d c^AII ^jiLsGl (JjJ-Lx^u*^l
: *ujjiil ijLJlill L,- ^jjl iil*Jl Sjlc-UJI kiUj jU (ii_JLiII oJls> (4)
jl jj- i-i $J 4 oilil t _ jr xJl j j-* j-U«a-i >^-4 jl] Ex nihilo, nihil fit
j| ^j_) ( a^li! jl Lfc-Xo-J x ,\ q~ . j| iy>~ ji.\ oiijl ol .A*L* oJLpli o
jJlaj « (j^l ax,. la: .-.j Jj <. ^.,L:...7 ^ lllla LuJlp Jl>- c J^> c Sj>Ij1
.o^Li-l Juil aa^jj
207
( Jj*ji!I Jw°lS
.4_aLp jl ^JLi j-j j^i-*-'-' jl Lo| 4_^jLl_>cJl 'y li
i^>cjjUl oM ./yjj.ajM (jJJ-LSj t oL>Jl oNjIXo "jS j
.^SOiiJlj 4_j| jjc>Jlj jj-cJjLjl J
A^vJjjJl j t «l^L~wJI ( _ s -^- 3 aJoL*JI £jli jJl (JjUjo ^^Jl f j-^*-5l Lai
o l— a. jl o^>i-o j.-...>- 4 ^cJl .. . s-L_o_j>J|j c c 4^_*_^JaJl
.L&jIjIj L^jL^Ij c-jIpj^/5 j*»JI JualS (_r^>-
^ *
-3j-S^J i ^yJ-P Lg_i^? ^r 0 I"**?" J-^ j-"-ll jl *— ^L..^, I Lai
o'y'y jLu*ti ^j-a Lsja*- 4-> j^-« l^is t ( j— jsjNi ^ j-i>- toV|
Wj .<u>UJl jjJ_*jo o'jf'y.JLUal ^jA LSj^>-j t ‘WsU^Jl j^jlijJLi
,j-3jl ol j/l .JJL*_!l 4_> ^j>t_xJl Lo j_Ls (_5J-^ J-<j-*Jl (j-al—ai
•Lst^y^ 1 01^)11 j-a if^ij i*~j
^.AJL j /^_ftj-U j^y^' l^wJ
^ p ^
4 Lj^yl? j\ jl£ Lili*- tjLo^Jli c jf-Li-oJlj (_5jJJJ ol p j^j> j^a L>j& La
lil LLl Jii oij> jl jl .lij-X ol ^jJl 4^a 4 j O'^H ‘-^ <_s^i J-*
[LJI ^yL*j kjJlJ.i (jl5] 4 OjL*_a JjJoo ^^3 Ljj-£l?-!j 4 I 4_j LJl^pI
I j_& i yA <L*jl J j\ 4 4_oL~ujAJ ^L*Jl t3jiJl ^ylpl o-X~X>- 4_*j| j lj j ~- £ ’ I
. ^ — £ j >^S I j jj/^X^a jj lp , ^-s^j-a Oj^nj >»X3 4 l
jr* 0 Ijlj jJl (_$ls 4 4^lxjLaJl LXajj>SjJ J_pLjl 0 j_& Liajlj La jls
^gi Lgjlj-L>r-a /yi _LL>ta LjLwvwal La lij LU^Jj I (JL->»Lo« ? L^J Las^jJ^U
^1 ^X-L^x^Jl c_LXJ ^ ^3 (J^Lol^JlLa ^3 ^1 4^1^..^ I j! I
(_£ I j_L>c_aJl ^iiJj ^ ( Ju& .Sis' jl ^»_S>U I (J jj>- j j s*-o (Jjlxi^ul
lot 4 j jjJl j/l .*>L5" ijj>-j Jlj ^jli jJl (J j.?- JVjcl^I
.j»J*SJJ ila^vji^a j[S 4^3 0j£j ^»JU 4jUl ^jJl
208
Sensation/ Sentiment
Inward Sensation
Humours
Perception
Connexion
Foundation
Consequence
Reasoning
Inference
Belief
Simple Ideas
Sensible Ideas
Sensation/ Sentiment
Sensation interne
Humeurs
Perception
Connexion
Fondement
Consequence
Raisonnement
Inference
Croyance
Idees simples
Idees sensibles
Jaj| j /JsLjjI
/-S-^-SLaJ
#JiJJ (JL^I JiJ
j>UxpI
jisot
_ p
jlSol
JjlJill tj|| ^1 ol> e Jia.. < ^?Ll lg ,/? LgJb»Ju LoJJjc- ifr ($S0
.<0 t ^tJu2-s<2ll olSLw. ^ol>- Jjliio
209
Innate Ideas
Idees innees
Conjunction Conjonction
Constant Conjunction Conjonction constante
Customary Conjunction Conjonction coutumiere
Habit
Habitude
< ail
Extension
Extension
iljttol
Possibility
Possibility
Impression
Impression
Passion
Passion
iS /JUiil
Archetype
Archetype
. *
0 Ls<»l
Research
Recherche
Demonstrative
Demonstratif
U^ji
Pyrrhonism
Pyrrhonisme
Experience
Experience
Experiment
Experimentation
Abstraction
Abstraction
Enquiry
Enquete
Conjecture
Conjecture
Association of Ideas
Association d’idees
Resemblance
Ressemblance
Assent
Assentiment
Design
Dessein
Conceive (to)
Concevoir
Pretence
Pretexte
Reflection
Reflexion
210
Obvious Reflection
Reflexion evidente
Tradition
Tradition
jJa;
Analogy
Analogie
Coherence
Coherence
tiL-li
Representation
Representation
J"-*'
Reveries
Reveries
Argument
Argument
Vivacity
Vivacite
Aj /o
Event
Evenement
Real Presence
Presence reelle
Judgement
Jugement
Miracle
Miracle
Thought
Pensee
Discourse
Di scours
i illa>-
Moral
Moral
Morality
Moralite
Fancy
Imagination
/ JU-
Dogmatism
Dogmatisme
Proof
Preuve
Motives
Motifs
Revolutions
Revolutions
Understanding
Entendement
0**
Mind
Esprit
* j&> Ayo
Scheme
Scheme
Sceptical
Sceptique
211
Cause
Cause
-:i:-CLp /
Disposition
Disposition™
Behaviour
Comporteiement
Conduct
Conduite
0 on
Witness
Temoin
Confusion
Confusion n
Superstition
Superstitioon
Feeling
Sentiment t
Human Testimony
Temoignaage humain
Chaos
Chaos
Veracity
Veracite
Attributes
Attributs
Faint
Faible
Human Nature
Nature huiumaine
Circumstance
Circonstarunce
/‘-s ^
Opinion
Opinion
Present phenomena
Phenomenmes actuels
SJU- jb
Custom
Coutume
So Ip
Popular
Commun/ l / Populaire
Absurdity
Absurdite e
-tt-oilC /c-~p
Distributive Justice
Justice diststributive
Contingency
Contingemnce
Moment
Moment
Arbitrary
Arbitraire e
Superior Intelligence
Intelligencice superieure
212
Providence
Providence
i,Lp
Energy
Energie
aJLp li
Curiosity
Curiosite
A'-uF 5 j — — A— s>
Idea
Idee
o
Easy Philosophy
Philosophic facile
— j 4j3-wli
Natural Philosophy
Philosophic naturelle
Abstruse Philosophy
Philosophic abstruse
Power
Pouvoir
fyfccjj* — a — )l /■?;?■ o j J <jll
Philosophical
Decisions
OL — 3 J /oljlj 9
Decisions
philosophiques
Evidence
Evidence/ Garantie/ Preuve
Proposition
Proposition
Force
Force
Faculty
Faculte
/o^3
Vis- inertiae
Force d’inertie
iSUa^Jl a ^3
Being
Etre
Sensible Qualities
Qualites sensibles
CF>LL>
Intelligible Qualities
Qualites intelligibles
Indifference
Indifference
Infinitely Less
Infiniment plus petit
hi l IFF ^
Verisimilitude
Vraisemblance
lLj
Circumlocution
Circonlocution
213
Solidity
Solidite
Distinct
Distinct
Nisus/ Endeavour
Effort
bjVr
Imagination
Imagination
t’c-jLC /<AJe
Speculative dogmas
Dogmes speculates
iol
Dispute
Dispute
Volition
Volition
Begging the Question
Petition de principe
Correlative
Correlatif
Notion
Notion
Standard
Critere
jL»^>
Effect
Effet
J\ 1
Free-Thinker
Libre-penseur
ti>"
Ratiocination
Ratiocination
iJup 55 o-U
Model
Modele
Object
Objet
Imperfection
Imperfection
State
Forme/Theme
/#5^J
Inclinations
Inclinations
Existence
Existence
Scruple
Scrupule
Matters of Fact
Fails
/-& ol J p~\
^ I ^ I p
j jjol /-3fC*-SI jJI
J /-5;f^jl5^Jl
214
Lr <UjJuJl C jLXjJI
4jjLjLqJ| Ow^pLi ^yLp C L« 4 ^Aj C<>sa 11 IdJfc lj w o3 1
. 4voL^vj^|l ^3 ^ *J3^fc>Jl ^ ^yll^
^ :> jJ U Jjl ojL-p ^ : (Perceptions) olS'ljj^l
d^LSl^p^M «jijLp 0^
L^Ll*^ jSxSj V ajL_*_H ^_SsJj «(<Jj^M J-aaJO oLp j-*
/^o (_£jJ ( Ju, ^3 ) I Jw g o3. i l I
j\ jj_*_JJl dJlb (Sj^J 4 S^Ji-Sl jl pJ'yi <j-^ ^ (Feel) ^*-jJ L« oJ_>*
^^Jlp ^1 jw 2 Jlaj U-U_p t(Faint) <J^oSj (Sensation) ^L^-V!
I !j»a ol cLU^ J-*-> «0jLy£>>cJ^l J i 0 ^5Jb"
(Perception of the ^jJI i5lj.il ja .jjJia j5JcJlj jjj-Jlil ^ jjJ
e» * *
Las— N j~a j£oJl jj*> «^jli>Jl)) wbJocJl Ijla Jj»Jj .Mind)
o! N ol 1 <CCwO y>^J '^ya ^y^L^ul |j_w 0 JyJ
.(«^LJaj|)) oiLo ^lajl) JjAjJl CjIS1j.sI ( j/° (S'lj.i) IJJul Lo N I 4~3 j^oJj
j_^oJi IJla Uaip a1l> : (Impression) ^LJaj^l
lIjISIj^I j* ^jUI 1-La ^ o -.. J ^3 j»oJL aJI ^1 J|. JL >s<JI . — >l^S"
A^Ul £"|^3 l-Ajj^j ^Jl £ C^o->t^*-oJ I 4_ijJ>tJl i_-J ip ^JUl
215
4 . 1 aj 2 . 1 j bU- I wJJj 01 ^ \-a ^J-P
J} S L ^j-**^t_j ^ l L ^_a/2_^_j ^ I 4 ^OwuU ^ I t LOIS' 'j.d ^wwo^>- ISI ^l kj^I
co ^SC
J>
Cj* ‘■oU-UaSy' • Jj .^H j' ‘t_rS-
j^Jcj LcJOp lg~J«L ( _ 5 xil olS'j.1^/' 4 jy~>- JiL/' tjLSo'Vl
ojL^p ( _j- 3 _j .®La ^OS f*J-5-> ooLS jl Oj L-^ L^*o>- * y 1 di-L
(Perceptions of Lilyt)!) 4 jIS«o y ^LJaJ^/l oli <■ 5JL*jJ'
j-^iiJ) i3tji)ll T-.lOw ^ys* o jl <j-~~ y Sensation)
. (Perceptions of Thinking and Reasoning)
'o_y> ToJ cul : (Ideas of Association) jlioSlI
sTa o' j (.ojLSLsI jl (j-AdJl jb\ _p- c_i-LoLo« (Connexion) JaJ y
^ 1 -p Jjl yj L»j) c 4 _L^>t_oJl jl o ^SijJJ La j j g 1 ? (_^oJ jlSoLl'j j-L>! y>Jt
(_£jJ jLxs'Sl -LlOJ o' . (O-Jlii' ^^oJi y La jJi
C 4 _il_Jodl ; 4 _J "^A > 1 £_OsoO-j /j-AOj' ^3 La^jI
0 LS Wj . /c_~wj] <L_^Jl cOLa^Jlj ijlSLoJ' y jjlycJl
y jlSoLM y> <_y-'oU' O' ^1 Jy>*dl y £~«~L> ^ y»
^pl-dJl 1 0_a o' <dLoj)( y> ^Sju c ^jl-no'y' £yLJ' j *-*- 1
ooLjLO'ii Lyl ^J-p I4J] j L ij o' Oj^ LyJj jLJo^J' iL^^Ld' o' j
^JlH yajSlU .^yiS j OuJiil ^ Jo «LOLO)/' L^Jg-Sl y ilL^'
s p.
. jUd] LaIaj)) . aIpL^u JSL yA ^yA ^ jSJo
^JjijiJl ^JL*JI LgJ o' Oc >0 ( <TojL>Jl» ^y> '■ y? [jldLs'^l yj
*JL*J| y> La j 03 J-%pLioJ' ya
tdjS'l l V -^ - a ''' t JjNl r _^0'i t yaJJI t. JjSl o-j'c-SOi t tJLo^JI ( •-:• )
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Reprinted from the : j-° UjLSLs' J-o>)
Original Edition in 3 Volumes and Edited with an Analytical Index by L. A.
Selby-Bigge (Oxford: [n. pb.], 1888 ).
216
4
4 ^ ^ I ~ I II Vi 11/ 4 A • ^ ‘ ‘ '*l‘l 1 11' ^JJl ^ Ijjj jj
Sybils 0 'V Ji ilil Jij yJlUl 0 (Introduce)
j» tlUu yP ^ y*-> ^ J— yjJ L^_LS\Jj
X^\
(Habit) 0 jLp dLiJiS’ Jwojcl^jj : (Custom) ioUJl
J^o j-^-i 4-oL-o^M ‘*-*-~. JUi l \C,5 L_a yo l_L»a aJlLuJl ( _^AJ
* * <* ut
015 ISU jJJjJj , Jr &\ j.JgJI jlyJ'yi ^JljJ f-Lo ^JjjJij
L<kj 4 oL*Jl Oj 5 t a-w^L»^J 1 Oj_^^Jl ^3 ^ LujlojN I lJ'-/ I
4 ^ 1 ^j-*jLw«I 4 4 J 1 LU IwU jA Lq5I jj Aj ^>tX3l ,*51 j- 5
SyA oi-Xo ijj^jJl <j J jwL>cJ!j IXwO oUJli
oL*j>t-,U ^-*5^1 J^JjJl o^L*Jl oj® • ^3-^ (J j“i-£ .^LajLp'VI J0U»
4 U 0 j^oLo Liij ^j>c_> (_^jJl eJ^-j jJa 1 !j_y 1 IS!
S f. fi
cLLLO W>l J->- N I ^yA LiLwJ ^0j£JLvv*^Jl ^yA ^3 LwL*_>S_JJ
J^aJO (( ^5LJl ^ o Ji Ool5
jjw 2 iJl j50Jj .£j-0>jm»J jj.« 0 a : (Belief)
4j yS 0^w*w L$-5^J) . OL-OtJl^o 0 ^j5 C^' 3^ ^o-Uo
^^Lix-pNI .«L;Ljj (, 'kj^K^pj 1 5^_i j c ij^-w*- j 4 oJ->- JlJjU
a^jl*S ^3 t ^LJaj^l J J sA >- ^yA AjLp j-*/ 5 j^a j-^.
oJb>- jl .L^j 1^3 ^ \j&jj-^2j
4jjLiLoJL> A^/o\s>- 4 y y.j2.> - \ 1 jJL) ^1 j ^--^2j>sJ
i^_>Lv2--i ^wLJi t^X-ji_>t — o-Jl ^ I — 1|J '^3~~^ ^
^*j-o v-I-j' s y I j>- 43 ^3L->" ^I-jJJLp'j/I d)| . I vJIj
4 ^j_a J jl oj 4 ^LJaj ^/l 4 0 yxjdlj ^LJa_> ^ !
4 4 J ^-plwCo 0 j_So3jl ^Jl <\JwL^-j <Co ^j-o U-w-w
217
.OJO^I LaL>-l i
.(3 jiaJl l _5~^ J ^ Lilt 2 1 ^ J-w-Ax^j JjLxlj U& Jl
^^jJl IwLa j\ t J-A i^JL j j-*-> iJL>^L->L v, 5 jJlpI
(•
lIjI. 5 jjtoJl 'fj> A_*_Ul A>c— o La (JLwOUab L, jA j aJ jAj Ajlj l jjw aJl
: A^bJl
jl <w»L>Jl aj« J 2 JI ^3 ( JJL«Jo 'V .jULlp'JI jl ^j-^_iJLjl aJI
jjaJJI ^ j t La jjsaj A-^S" ^ LJlj ^JJiJl y? L>Jl ^»UiJl
jl j^*_jJl 1-La j ^. vjjj ^>ULx! JLxl^JI /j-J aJL> 1 s jXf-l .Lg-> (_^jjl
.Oa I 'yu Uilij! ^\~o^Lk+*j (jl j^Pxj ^^3 A^L^LSl oJl&
4 ^ JJL U5 t aJ ^2-w4>tJl Or^J
^ * &
Ul .aJL*JI oLjxJI Lit? Ld-^- 3 LLa Ju>-lj J-i L^_<i^_4j a lajJ
j-A ^LiAp'yi JL j! yiNl ^-a J_*_il ^yJ| i_~*-Lj j! Lj«Sj>_i JI 3 AjL—J j Jl
jj— —>- /j-£ ojiLjaJl jL^sSlI jj- 0 ^ j-® JJl a_i y^-> jo
ty^jlillj jj^Jl Lg-Ja^j jjn .a,LL>i_<JI koL^j & jj ( j 0 -? j— i
"l kj ^
L^-L« 4 ^3 4 wL;J-^ L ^ O -P ^L>tJ J
^ IJwwaJI
1* (. >
4 J ^5 Jj*_> ^liip^Als 4 ^ 0 ^ J c *01! JJ j
.A-*2 jj lid**»J J-x-Jl Lg-i 3j^J ^yjl AjjJ A aii! ^yi 3J>J
* *
aJ Lj^I j3 ^ ajjjw» a 'ki^J : (Energy) aJl^UJI
t <UjlJL»J! bk>r->jLJl A^^JunJlj A^jL-JjJI A^jk>- ys ^y]l oUXi'^l jj3
A~a _^Jl AjjXcJI J^15 y^J>j y> l-L* »aI y UajxJl
y^S\ Energy ^ j-fAa jli t _ ? ^-l ^LJl j^°-^ • aL J-> j'l AlsLSaJl jLj
.ijjj yp tOJc»Jl 4 I 3 U 2 JI ^jj a> iJ^^I energeia Jl bUJl
i A_-LpliJl j (Power) y^JLJl l yj^ r a^ a^j>J| JjL— * ^yi Jl
218
1-La ^-9 j .^jl ® 'j-*^ (jLLa Jwj-Ls^j ^j-o-v’J
j L 4_^5j a-vs-oLp a j-^-3 4 — LpLAJI o Ls i_}L_*~Jl
^Axj J_j® ■ ^j--A *aJ ^ y]| v_™~Jl aIsjIj *w? ^A<* jl
<1M t jp^ OjSj^Xj p ^J_J_iij ^y* ^y3l i)y^y>u 4AA*/tlAjij|
4jLL>CL^«wa JJij l jj» LJCLpI La ji I -cLLpU
jj-® 'i/l N LLjIj i<oL~*-aJl j^s- ^gi L^j*>U«jw<l U-sJlp
(J?S j_Jp J "^- 1 L)l Oj-i toLpj^aj^Jl i)\ y\j-> aj^>«jJI
. (^Lwvjl Jyajl}\ ) ft L^.....) JsLjjNt |J-»3 ^a
a J 1
a_> La JU<_a jjfc a^^IJ! jU*_a I (Experience)
4_j j_>cJlJ| (JL>c_*o . j->“ I V^> j_* ^J_>-J Lo ^J-L 5 j-o j_>-j
^ " p
<Ll&LJI c^lSTI^^VI JL>to L>- ^^jws^vvoJ o jjl JL»to L>- ^2 jI
4 V j Laxp^ 1 Lr 0 j' 0 J-^J' cjJJ Lr° Jr*" s_r^
EA->cJl dLb ^_> J)\ C 4j (_£ jJI pl . la iN 1 4 la . ul
.^lJa_iNl LfrJL p <UjL*aJl o j^Ldil ^LJa_i\'l 1 i ~. j ^l!l
(jl ^'Jg" .,.■■) JaJLs 4_> Low)l^jft ! aJL** jJl ^g2 f* j-~A ,,>g ) lLLJ-LJ
(_£>iJl J^-a La
oN'iJL^-waNl ^L-l 4_jj_>ijJl oLi ^ ^2-1 4_$_>- (j-°j ^ (l j-J
Lo \ (JLwu Loj^*3^ i (J j-2-> LiUJU .4^w-^«Jl cjIS^A-*JL) aJl^LoJI
iw~»aLwoJl »_plj4>sjl J-^-J ?^UjJl JJ-al ^ajxj Lj'b/'yjj^t ‘Us-J?
La . (Jy** La k — A^^L p .^yLp A-<wLi l-g j 1
L)l jL>- t^4j^>L*Jl oj_* Lj L>-Luju^I_j LjN'^a^»‘I ny qj>- ^aLv*’!
.ft4j^>tl!l ! c Jg-l_a 4^iA5 i_jlj4»tJl (1) j5L>
1-L^JJ . eiL^il ^yyij <jL>ta Aj ^>clil (JL»i_ 4 jU 1 j^>"\ J
aLUl J-<aall ^ .....a.' I idj'^l j_U^sil (®)
219
coL*Jl Lo 4_gj>- oUj>iJ 1 Aj ^->cj (_s^ Aj
Ip jw^ ^)-p <— ' ■«— -■»*^J 1 cJL^> • ( Cause) J t
0 1 j-Oi ‘ , -^ 3 ^ 4 4 J L^vw0^_>3 <0 <ULw~*J ^_5 0^-SCj Lo jJ^I
^-jLw« <w^_^vJl (jj^ - 4JL^»^J( ^_5 ^ J-y^ <J jj-A^O .J^l_*jjl^
*J la. srgj 0 ^S\3 JjCHJ I^U*tjl 4-> Jj>JLo 4 j}>~\ _y^
j-la-^-j L^w&Jl^I ^L^la_;l^ 0 ^5n 3 ^Jl ^^j-A^-31
ol l^| v>— .>.-w>^ ) I La ^ ^ 1 I CA*' I 0 0 ^
J^>cJ U iwwwwJi k Aj jXi ^ olwi) ^ ^j5sJj . <J j-*-Ao-' Ip j-y*» Oj£j
jj* jj>- i yjo jjfc ^UaiiVl k-LUi LoJlSLS cJ^LojNl 43 *}Lp A Ja“ il ^^.Lp
4-^3 0 ^So jp >0 ^-Lp 4 ^U_ALa yA yj& ^ . l_-.«.,..,»J I
^j^wvJl j /^>3 tJOU^Lp ^5 4^LJO>Ji O^Lp^^^^I ^~o->-
. ^ <Jj^>- *)U I ^y+J? 4-00 0 ->Lp ^-v^^-<>-Li 4^w0*yu>Jl^
0 ^ Jjl ao_p» : (Necessary Connexion) ^jj-^aJI i?l*j/yi
,^j jS a^Lv^2-j ^JL> ^ ^3jJLj jj>- i ^JJL> oL--^J Lg— »3 (J?lj
^^jJL_>tJl Jj>-i oLj j t _Ss_>cj ol jJuL oL^- , ^l dLb ^jSo r*-J 4 j^jL%_Lj
O-^L?*- OOP Ji^-N Ol Jb*j J . ‘o 0^-A>s J2_A3 4 jI LojIj 4 J^o jA
Ol \ La .0 Uaj I L^^j L> j^S\?xj 4 LgOP L-a< 4 Aj li 4 4j«_-JaJ I ciUu ^j^P l^J
4jl Si | 4 N ^JcjLjj^O SJjJj>J| 0 jS sjjJl 0 jjfc aJlP J^-*- 5 *
jJlAj ^1^5 4 ^3 O^^Sjl J^'wLA O^j 0^1 C->L>
LoOO*i ,j-r>-Nl ^jA 3 y>- y-> 1-OJu (jl ^ I
C. — ' ^ ^
L~<^S'! Jj L^jI i AAS t _5~*-’ tlJli Ja ~) jA Lc U-b- o \ <J_^-S-|
<^J>- yx * j ^*y2-) oV-0-oj"V! \jjb Lo.^j1 y 4 Ij^Ss-S LWlO^I
, j}\ c oJiili ^oii cjjS^ 4 <Lwii (-5;0
220
1 ) « . ijJ - J 3^ J ^
^jj! ^^oJLO cjl^JLS^Ij isLjj'yi j-o iil f j_0>
£_il_oJ 4-0 ^-ijJl o'^'l^'iJL) Jj_L*Jo ( ^oll 4o- jU>Ji 4_ia_>- *}L«J I
4—v_^*)jJ LoJsIj-jj (_5^j. ^JzsjLi j . l!->I-L>-'^M
(_£jj jf-iJl J^Loj^l ^5 (jjjj joill L* oLaXp'yi 4 j 4^1 ^ 2 - x^j t ioL*Jl
.jj&aJl ^jL>- <• Lg-; j-^-Lil o-~~J ?lil
: 4A~JiJ! ^ i ys, y ^ yjt y^j : (Philosophy) Si~JUJl
/^_P '*— ^- :>c -^^ Lg-*/? J~^3 ' 4w2j^-*Jl -
4ja...>’ 1 jj (. dj Ajt-JaJJ 4^1_xJl
. >1 Jj'V l L Q-J? jS' j ’. 4_>t_s^l jJlj 4_U_w~wJl 4_iLa-JLsJ1 _
^ > , 9 .
j+- a^*j ,- (-*-£_!! Lg-Pj-^^-o-S
.lil.} <jL^-SCJl ^-<>->1 y° ;+ g-> ^ g ^ t y^ c^*»bJl jL*-s\
.Kp-gJ 4 jL.z2j ^ JJl
^ Io_._. M > aJ-o^- 4jLJi
*oLb (j-'Oj Oj->c-^Jl ijjJi-Jl AjL^JuiJl y~* J^JiS.
.jJlp t J jSf^ c-jLSOI (. <u~aJ jX*uA\ Ok-)
221
iu J*. Jl — 1
4-^r
*
.(jl . y><u JjaS' ijLoJ^ 4 Ji^-Li-1
. a jjfeLaJl 4j^w*wli ^3 Lflj y~2 L..I I J .(jLo-i-A J-oJ— 4 d^2bM
.1997 4 ybJlj *LS jb
.aj^3 j^UaJl «La^- jj .ULi^&LmM ^3 illiw . » l.^.Lj JujAjjS- 4^U^J*y
.2006 c 4j?- jxU <Lo j^Jl ‘j-ojaJj.l i '^- > j j^>
.[.O ..i] 4 4_3jL*il jb ;S .ii^J Oj^" •' >SJ 4 3 J^S^-
.1956 4 C . o . 3 ] :s .^ j~a Juab
.3 J? . 4 ^- jri-l jjj! 4_^J-I Jlo^- J12L£ .*L>^1-I ^1 e-lAJLil
.1968 4 ( — jjjJl jb iOj jj
JL^Vl - 2
♦* ♦ ♦
Books
Bennett, Jonathan. Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Central Themes.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
223
Bouveresse-Quilliot, Renee. L’Empirisme anglais: Locke, Berkeley,
Hume. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1997.
Bricke, John. Hume’s Philosophy of Mind. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 1980.
Capaldi, Nicholas. David Hume: The Newtonian Philosopher.
Boston: Twayne, [1975].
Chirpaz, Franois. Hume et le proces de la metaphysique. Paris:
Beauchesne, 1989.
Church, Ralph W. Hume’s Theory of the Understanding. London:
Allen & Unwin, 1935.
Clero, Jean-Pierre. Hume: Une Philosophic des contradictions.
Paris: J. Vrin, 1998.
Deleuze, Gilles. Empirisme et subjectivity ; essai sur la nature humaine
selon Hume. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 1953.
Flew, Antony. Hume’s Philosophy of Belief, a study of his 1st
«Inquiry». London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York:
Humanities Press, 1961.
Hall, Roland. A Hume Bibliography from 1930. New York: [n. pb.],
1971.
Hendel, Charles William (jr.). Studies in the Philosophy of David
Hume. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, [1963].
— . Studies in the Philosophy of David Hume. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1925.
Hume, David. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Edited by
John Valdimir Price. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press, 1976.
. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. by L.
A. Selby Bigge. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902.
. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Ed. by L.
A. Selby Bigge. Oxford; England: Clarendon Press, 1902.
. Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. Edited by T. H.
Green and T. H. Grose. London: [n. pb.], 1882. 2 vols.
. The Natural History of Religion. Edited by A. Wayne
Colver. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press, 1976.
- . A Treatise of Human Nature. Edited with an Analytical
Index by L. A. Selby-Bigge. 2d Ed. with Text Rev. and
224
Variant Readings by P. H. Nidditch. Oxford: Clarendon
Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
. . Reprinted from the Original Edition in 3 Volumes
and Edited with an Analytical Index by L. A. Selby-Bigge.
Oxford: jn. pb.], 1888.
Laird, John. Hume’s Philosophy of Human Nature. London:
Methuen & Co. ltd, [1932].
Lebrun, Gerard. Kant et la fin de la metaphysique: Essai sur la
«critique de la faculte de juger». Paris: A. Colin, 1970.
(Philosophies pour Page de la science)
Le Jalle, Eleonore. Hume et la regulation morale. Paris: Presses
universitaires de France, 1999. (Philosophies; 121)
Leroy, Andre-Louis. David Hume. Paris: Presses universitaires de
France, 1953. (Les Grands penseurs)
Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding: in Four
Books. London: Printed by Eliz. Holt for Thomas Bassett ...,
1690.
Mackie, John Leslie. The Cement of the Universe; a Study of
Causation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.
Malherbe, Michel. Kant ou Hume: on, la raison et le sensible. Paris:
Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 1980.
. La Philosophic empiriste de David Hume. 2e ed. corrigee,
avec une nouvelle bibliogr. Paris: J. Vrin, 1984. (A La
Recherche de la verite)
. . Paris: J. Vrin, 1976.
Michaud, Yves. Hume et la fin de la philosophic. Paris: Presses
universitaires de France, 1983. (Philosophic d’aujourd’hui)
Noxon, James. Hume ’s Philosophical Development; a Study of his
Methods. Oxford, New York: Clarendon Press, 1973.
Passmore, John Arthur. Hume’s Intentions. 3d Ed. London:
Duckworth, 1980.
— . . Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1952.
Quinton, Anthony. Hume. London: [n. pb.], 1988.
Sisson, Charles Hubert. David Hume. Edinburgh: Ramsay Head
Press, 1976.
225
Smith, Norman Kemp. The Philosophy of David Hume; a Critical
Study, of its Origins and Central Doctrines. London:
Macmillan and Co., 1941.
Wilbanks, Jan. Hume’s Theory of Imagination. The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1968.
Zabeeh, Farhang. Hume, Precursor of Modern Empiricism: An
Analysis of his Opinions on Meaning, Metaphysics, Logic, and
Mathematics. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1960.
Periodicals
Butts, R. E. «Hume’s Scepticism.)) Journal of the History of Ideas:
vol. 20, 1959.
Laporte, J. «Le Scepticisme de Hume.» Revue philosophique: vol.
115, 1933.
. . : vol. 117, 1934.
Leroy, Andre-Louis. «Statut de l’objet exterieur dans la philoso-
phic de Hume.» Revue internationale de philosophic, no. 20,
1952.
Malherbe, Michel. «L ’Empirique et le transcendantal dans les
philosophies de Hume et de Kant.» Revue de metaphysique et
de morale', vol. 83, 1978.
. «Le Probleme de l’identite dans la philosophie sceptique
de David Hume.» Revue internationale de philosophie'. 1976.
226
189 : ijjoJl oNN_u_N I
*93 UJl oNN_lu^NI
191 * 1 06
*58 4 27 :sy^ll oNN_Lu_.Nl
198 4111
44 :^_jJluil oNNjcoNI
: (jjAill dUll) ^^iJl j_uSL.Nl
159 4157 _ 156 4118
_ 87 479 - 77 4 19 :ol_i_xoNl
203 4 142 *90 488
_ 122 4 116 loLljNl Jl_*oNl
128 „ 126 4124
422 _ 21 4 19 _ 18 : jl SL_iS/l
479 451 447 t 43 _ 42 t 40
114 4110 4103
92 4 51
:(ojJ_^2Nl oSQll)
168
157 ioL »j jJI ijj jo \ ^_.Nl
117 :_U! jij I
. 189 4 184 4 175 _ 174 OjjJ
203 4190
69 . j. L_^_j !
39 : y-t ot^l
195 4 39 i^ydjl ol S\ji\
f-
28 ! i 4 o j_~o1
51 : Lii'uJjNl
117 4 28 : jk^J
435 4 33 4 17 4 10
4 1 13 473 471 4 61 4 59
4 169 4 141 4 139 4 115
4I86 _ 184 4I8I 4178
206 4 195 4 189 . 188
62 : jU jJI JN_o.Nl
143 c 140 r^jdl JN_il_NI
208 4 207 JNjcu.NI
62 JN_u_.Nl
227
208 c 193
1 45 _ 43 4 40 4 22 : oULk^l
94
-c-
51 :
34 c 17 ell : LxaJJI Lit
11 : LsOill Lsl jj*.\
“ C“
145
_ 4 > -
(Jj-1 I j— ~j| _5 jLp- 4 j— 'Ij
160 : (_$JJ jp
81 l SjLjjJI
171 - 170 c 145 2JLJJI
159 .
155
*
_ i _
1 34 429 4 1 1 : jL^jNl ^aJl
4 127 4 119 4 92 4 70 4 36
_ 204 4201 4137 . 136
205
- J -
4 173 4 IO 8 470 465 : i_^£jl
, 0 ^^oIj
197 4 193 IvJ^I
201 4 147 4 124
124 iv-LJ! aaIjJI
129 4 64 : i*|Jb
173 : ijjj
165 4 159 : iSjl'jJo
117 . y
165 . yy* y
204 4 201
159 4 117 : t _ r kiU
146 _ 145 : jJJcSl
79 4 19 :J^J!
4 19.18 :jl_5L_iSfl
47
19 : /JbJI
4 82 . 80 4 65 t 48 :
139 4113
4 82 . 80 t 56 4 48 :
188
1*45 I o
228
-t-
_ 72
4 55 4
22 4 19
_ 18
:sal
'xt"
00
_ 83
477 _
76
t 74
4119
4116
4 107
4 101
00
80
205
4171
4 169 4
149 <
. 142
183 :^y\ JjuJI
104 : S/1 JiJl
.59 1 53 ; J jjuiLIj 4_-~v*Jl 4i*^Vp
.109 _ 108 1 80 c 71 1 62
147
143 c 19 : jLJNI jOp
21 4 10 ! a » . . W ' I
59 : jjdJI jJUJl
94 1 92 _ 91 : v-ULl f> UJ|
9 1 I 4—^ l;J I ^ jJl*J I
103 :^)/l UjJI
-l-
205 t 194 SjjyJl
*
_ 4-3 _
103 : iJ_j5sJI iJipLsJI
20 _ 19 :^Uil
188 4 181 I <£li jlJ| a! J? ys}\
159 . o L
198 ! Jail o jbjl'll
96 : J*i
204 4202 _ 200 4 193 _ 191
- J -
178 : ^~Sjj
~ J* ~
4II6 4 82 48O 422
127 _ 126
19 : ^-jjL
173 :LlyL*
17 ! lIpNL^jLI Lj>- .
" J 1 ~
192 iuJ!
4 154 4 148 ol 3 I \\
168 . 167 4 164
19 ^ ji t jL)
155 c28 :oj^^
-L^“
130 _ 129 4 88 - 87 : iiJuJl
-ip-
- 14 4 12 4 10 ^~kll
463 436 426 - 25 4 18
4 121 4118 _ 116 472 _ 71
4 156 4 153 4 148 4 125
188 4170
229
- 4 -
150 rolls'
146 _ 145 : 5,1531
142 I i
118 : jS <.
- J-
J* jW- ‘ j?.3J. 'll
. O yi pJ-^-L-3 Aj jJU jS* 4 JJU*— jV
19
158 _ 157 ^IkiS/l jU^l
28 4 19 : j y^- 4 iJ jJ
169 . y* J 1j - > 4 ^*2-1
-r-
165 :ULjU
28 * i 7^^ 4^- ' 4 ^ j—) 1 ^-1 l-o
479 . 77 447 441 t 35 : ll^il
_ 110 4 107 4 90 488 4 83
111
128 4 115 ; 1 -&jj*
4 116 _ 115 .' 0 jjj- - 2>— H 4_— ».l_a
133 4128 4 125 4123
J> Ji>L r _ r _*)M) yyljj 1 ^j—2 j~a
157
77 : JU-I j^aL!
. 151 4146 4 117 :ol
197 0 ^
98 : j-JUl o_^3 o ^3
83 442 :Jl1 IJ&
96 _ 95 I ojJLail 0 j£s
4 23 4 16 . 14 4 10 :Ul L4J1
479 469 431 426 . 25
_ 173 4137 4 122 4113
195 4 175
4 191 470 l_2-JuUt
203
30 427 4 9 :5k_Jl AJU 20)1
93 - 92 : iJUiU 22J011
30 427 : iiijJl 12—1211
203 4 191 4 70 : lyj\ 22-1211
188 :5*JlJ1 U31
4 92 4 57 4 54 22Jl2ll
208 4131
52 :vL*Jl 12-121
32 1 12—1211
9 ■ a-/ij j^Jl 42—1211
30 ; < 2 ^>til <2— 1211
33 427 4 17 : l2l3c— Li 12—1211
*•
— <3 —
106 4 100 4 94 4 60 : 2bl! ijAl
4 145 : r LJl JVjll-VI JlpI jJ
184
230
1 182 1 177 4 135
185
198
17 ! a! ^*11 4JL
_ -A _
_ 91 t58 _ 57 ; 5 1 :<L*a : t II
200 c 93
165 !
- J -
182 4 175 :^y\ >yrjJ\
20 '.
10 i ^Ji
“ ti -
^)ll) J - / ? . 9
165 :(jLjJ1
_ 158 4155 _ 154 4152
171 _ 165 4162
:(.f.J 48) LJl s a _ Sj * a
164
:(. r .J 42) cr -lL_J
164
20 aSIo
20 : aSOu
20 „ 19 :*4aJl
11 . jJ&ijllil
. 16 4 14 4 11 - 10 :
493 433 . 32 430 423 417
193 4189 4131 t 128
1 4 . ' c, 4 j * — — ^
- 0 -
171 4 155 :oU*Dl
231
A^yAi d«ialoil
ARAB ORGANIZATION FOR TRANSLATION
ORGANISATION ARABE FOUR LA TRADUCTION
jX*t> L> jpA
^o-vym dUi>Ail doJal oil
^*11 sjl>- yS"
(_j . k — i-Jlj
(^3^1 1 1 ^ypLg^*»l . A^*^j
w>jISvjJ 4*^jj .’ i iJlj
^jjl—JlJl j-O—P I
■ P
j j-a . i— 4 * J Lj
^ y^~ t A^
fills' 0 ^>*
o^>?“* ! A^*
o Ljo ^
■X<w£>Jl ^\s^2J> ! A^-
cllj j*\j \ i_&Jlj
j-s^p j _ y
oJUjt a!^ : ^LJt-
jJ 1 k-LsP UaP . A^* jj
A— *-»JjJ*iM ^ jJl*Jl A-a jl
<LJbo*u**J L j>- jJ j*a)Ij
iuLJJJI d—
^pU^VI J^Vl
A^i?l jJi J Aj j jlllS” jJJ
o\ * 111 j — >-
ajjJLUI ci^L^Lw-JI j
L>- ji Ijill v >»!
A— 5 j — ^ o «Jl jj *i<g
a ^s^lxXl AA^Jujl AaJJLa
C- ^ ^ ^ ^
o j->- ’ i— aJlJ I L—LJ I j&jia
^jjli ! 4 ^ ^ <gLa^-( »l*j L« ^1,1 4j^wJl ^ja
o iS JajJU! : iw-iJb' ^Jko-*J! JJUJl J— 2J
Lla ~jIp : is ^ jj
jJjjLLo ijLjl.} I l~_iJlj 41 jLw4^wvsJ1 ^ji i »ol
<UA J <J*yi5 ; 4^|- yr
/n I JuS 4 * a 1 L 1 1 I I 3 1 ^ L < . . . ))
s ^ c
I L^J U -aJ i LeU^-« 3 l_U*J 1 Jo >L >- 1
VI Sj juco ^yiu\ Nk L^ii _j ijLtoj'^l
t l ull ^ ^ ^ 3 (j * L>^ t£ ^ i l l 1 "‘ ^ " ,, *
J±LU\ Cy° & j-$f- lj>^~ ^ 3,j4
<jLLJ' { ^ uJli Lo lj,3jU I : jJf^Su . LJ,
Lu Lauj | ^cSLo- l c. I I ^-LtJ Ij I t'g 1
J^> VI . ^ 4 U? sJl Lj (J-UtJLj S^JlLl^ jLltl 4 X 45 J
ijlc . ) Jj . U . li .u.a j.. j< , o~i *i£_iLc. ^-5 Jj-
L)- L . l “ I V t Jj-Ue-u> '^jL^a C_<_re_j a f { y JJ l_U I
S= # #
( ^-SbLo3 £_c_tuJ V £>j0 L;y lc, ) C_J 1.3. •» 1 1 ^_tu L*_£jL
Lu j * £- 1 oj^JuJ I j tj-A l^tj-uu Lu
Luj * ^ ^ 3 -XJ V 4_UjJl £yA 4_xJ| ^Sulj^tU
(J^G 4_<1^C. JL l ^cSJj Ls L uj.ufs I <b J 1 3" " ...
.Lb^-uiLB 1 L . u Lc_v_Ll
it
. (t li L ju - 1 I \ < u'l 1 \ t i 1 i A ...1*4 1 - t v 1 ^
f* . J
' — ■■! 'j ‘*’ 1 :( 1776— 1711) |>j) j <t> jLub •
:4jLaJj^c .(_£_Lx) 0 SLuJ j
/l Treatise of Human Nature (1739), An
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of
Morals (1751), The Natural History of
Religion (1757), Dialogues Concerning
Natural Religion (1779).
2— 4 j .41,, 1^ . 1 1 j L,-,.. 1 :uj^>k>^4 ■ * 1 -»- ** •
Jt
. A ^ j :4jLiJ^_a (J-g 4jl>oL*.
:4jL^-^j <j-a^ . Laj J_i 2 1 ^SJtu»j jEJ-lO>
e. 4 g J*
L-o 1 <jj£i 4_Jj L>w4j i ^ylj ^-> jJjL 4.<^SL>G I
i
Cj LlU I
MWW.H]gx«Bdr«.«W«!W0si0dft.*0»i,j^u «*»
ISBN 978-9953-0-1350-3
789953
013503
dj'ijj 8 :/j o “> II
Lg — I jl - » - > I — o j\
d_i aWll (J^us i ©
0ja<aljL4 4 -l^-Lc 4^12lj ©
2u£,U^p>lj 2UUaj! (*^1^ ©
2 l UL ukj j»^JLc.j ■•*'!_. •'?>" ©
qjJlSj i_i1ji1 •
CjUjUJ •
.gTTia;'.
cLu>AJI cLoiaio-H
ask2pdf.blogspot.com